add code for analysis of data

4 files changed, 2403 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/README.md b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..623ac19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Sansio
+
+This folder contains code that can be used by alternative Flask
+implementations, for example Quart. The code therefore cannot do any
+IO, nor be part of a likely IO path. Finally this code cannot use the
+Flask globals.
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/app.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/app.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01fd5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from datetime import timedelta
+from itertools import chain
+
+from werkzeug.exceptions import Aborter
+from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequest
+from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequestKeyError
+from werkzeug.routing import BuildError
+from werkzeug.routing import Map
+from werkzeug.routing import Rule
+from werkzeug.sansio.response import Response
+from werkzeug.utils import cached_property
+from werkzeug.utils import redirect as _wz_redirect
+
+from .. import typing as ft
+from ..config import Config
+from ..config import ConfigAttribute
+from ..ctx import _AppCtxGlobals
+from ..helpers import _split_blueprint_path
+from ..helpers import get_debug_flag
+from ..json.provider import DefaultJSONProvider
+from ..json.provider import JSONProvider
+from ..logging import create_logger
+from ..templating import DispatchingJinjaLoader
+from ..templating import Environment
+from .scaffold import _endpoint_from_view_func
+from .scaffold import find_package
+from .scaffold import Scaffold
+from .scaffold import setupmethod
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    from werkzeug.wrappers import Response as BaseResponse
+
+    from ..testing import FlaskClient
+    from ..testing import FlaskCliRunner
+    from .blueprints import Blueprint
+
+T_shell_context_processor = t.TypeVar(
+    "T_shell_context_processor", bound=ft.ShellContextProcessorCallable
+)
+T_teardown = t.TypeVar("T_teardown", bound=ft.TeardownCallable)
+T_template_filter = t.TypeVar("T_template_filter", bound=ft.TemplateFilterCallable)
+T_template_global = t.TypeVar("T_template_global", bound=ft.TemplateGlobalCallable)
+T_template_test = t.TypeVar("T_template_test", bound=ft.TemplateTestCallable)
+
+
+def _make_timedelta(value: timedelta | int | None) -> timedelta | None:
+    if value is None or isinstance(value, timedelta):
+        return value
+
+    return timedelta(seconds=value)
+
+
+class App(Scaffold):
+    """The flask object implements a WSGI application and acts as the central
+    object.  It is passed the name of the module or package of the
+    application.  Once it is created it will act as a central registry for
+    the view functions, the URL rules, template configuration and much more.
+
+    The name of the package is used to resolve resources from inside the
+    package or the folder the module is contained in depending on if the
+    package parameter resolves to an actual python package (a folder with
+    an :file:`__init__.py` file inside) or a standard module (just a ``.py`` file).
+
+    For more information about resource loading, see :func:`open_resource`.
+
+    Usually you create a :class:`Flask` instance in your main module or
+    in the :file:`__init__.py` file of your package like this::
+
+        from flask import Flask
+        app = Flask(__name__)
+
+    .. admonition:: About the First Parameter
+
+        The idea of the first parameter is to give Flask an idea of what
+        belongs to your application.  This name is used to find resources
+        on the filesystem, can be used by extensions to improve debugging
+        information and a lot more.
+
+        So it's important what you provide there.  If you are using a single
+        module, `__name__` is always the correct value.  If you however are
+        using a package, it's usually recommended to hardcode the name of
+        your package there.
+
+        For example if your application is defined in :file:`yourapplication/app.py`
+        you should create it with one of the two versions below::
+
+            app = Flask('yourapplication')
+            app = Flask(__name__.split('.')[0])
+
+        Why is that?  The application will work even with `__name__`, thanks
+        to how resources are looked up.  However it will make debugging more
+        painful.  Certain extensions can make assumptions based on the
+        import name of your application.  For example the Flask-SQLAlchemy
+        extension will look for the code in your application that triggered
+        an SQL query in debug mode.  If the import name is not properly set
+        up, that debugging information is lost.  (For example it would only
+        pick up SQL queries in `yourapplication.app` and not
+        `yourapplication.views.frontend`)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+       The `static_url_path`, `static_folder`, and `template_folder`
+       parameters were added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+       The `instance_path` and `instance_relative_config` parameters were
+       added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.11
+       The `root_path` parameter was added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0
+       The ``host_matching`` and ``static_host`` parameters were added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0
+       The ``subdomain_matching`` parameter was added. Subdomain
+       matching needs to be enabled manually now. Setting
+       :data:`SERVER_NAME` does not implicitly enable it.
+
+    :param import_name: the name of the application package
+    :param static_url_path: can be used to specify a different path for the
+                            static files on the web.  Defaults to the name
+                            of the `static_folder` folder.
+    :param static_folder: The folder with static files that is served at
+        ``static_url_path``. Relative to the application ``root_path``
+        or an absolute path. Defaults to ``'static'``.
+    :param static_host: the host to use when adding the static route.
+        Defaults to None. Required when using ``host_matching=True``
+        with a ``static_folder`` configured.
+    :param host_matching: set ``url_map.host_matching`` attribute.
+        Defaults to False.
+    :param subdomain_matching: consider the subdomain relative to
+        :data:`SERVER_NAME` when matching routes. Defaults to False.
+    :param template_folder: the folder that contains the templates that should
+                            be used by the application.  Defaults to
+                            ``'templates'`` folder in the root path of the
+                            application.
+    :param instance_path: An alternative instance path for the application.
+                          By default the folder ``'instance'`` next to the
+                          package or module is assumed to be the instance
+                          path.
+    :param instance_relative_config: if set to ``True`` relative filenames
+                                     for loading the config are assumed to
+                                     be relative to the instance path instead
+                                     of the application root.
+    :param root_path: The path to the root of the application files.
+        This should only be set manually when it can't be detected
+        automatically, such as for namespace packages.
+    """
+
+    #: The class of the object assigned to :attr:`aborter`, created by
+    #: :meth:`create_aborter`. That object is called by
+    #: :func:`flask.abort` to raise HTTP errors, and can be
+    #: called directly as well.
+    #:
+    #: Defaults to :class:`werkzeug.exceptions.Aborter`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 2.2
+    aborter_class = Aborter
+
+    #: The class that is used for the Jinja environment.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.11
+    jinja_environment = Environment
+
+    #: The class that is used for the :data:`~flask.g` instance.
+    #:
+    #: Example use cases for a custom class:
+    #:
+    #: 1. Store arbitrary attributes on flask.g.
+    #: 2. Add a property for lazy per-request database connectors.
+    #: 3. Return None instead of AttributeError on unexpected attributes.
+    #: 4. Raise exception if an unexpected attr is set, a "controlled" flask.g.
+    #:
+    #: In Flask 0.9 this property was called `request_globals_class` but it
+    #: was changed in 0.10 to :attr:`app_ctx_globals_class` because the
+    #: flask.g object is now application context scoped.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    app_ctx_globals_class = _AppCtxGlobals
+
+    #: The class that is used for the ``config`` attribute of this app.
+    #: Defaults to :class:`~flask.Config`.
+    #:
+    #: Example use cases for a custom class:
+    #:
+    #: 1. Default values for certain config options.
+    #: 2. Access to config values through attributes in addition to keys.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.11
+    config_class = Config
+
+    #: The testing flag.  Set this to ``True`` to enable the test mode of
+    #: Flask extensions (and in the future probably also Flask itself).
+    #: For example this might activate test helpers that have an
+    #: additional runtime cost which should not be enabled by default.
+    #:
+    #: If this is enabled and PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS is not changed from the
+    #: default it's implicitly enabled.
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
+    #: ``TESTING`` configuration key.  Defaults to ``False``.
+    testing = ConfigAttribute[bool]("TESTING")
+
+    #: If a secret key is set, cryptographic components can use this to
+    #: sign cookies and other things. Set this to a complex random value
+    #: when you want to use the secure cookie for instance.
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
+    #: :data:`SECRET_KEY` configuration key. Defaults to ``None``.
+    secret_key = ConfigAttribute[t.Union[str, bytes, None]]("SECRET_KEY")
+
+    #: A :class:`~datetime.timedelta` which is used to set the expiration
+    #: date of a permanent session.  The default is 31 days which makes a
+    #: permanent session survive for roughly one month.
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
+    #: ``PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME`` configuration key.  Defaults to
+    #: ``timedelta(days=31)``
+    permanent_session_lifetime = ConfigAttribute[timedelta](
+        "PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME",
+        get_converter=_make_timedelta,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    )
+
+    json_provider_class: type[JSONProvider] = DefaultJSONProvider
+    """A subclass of :class:`~flask.json.provider.JSONProvider`. An
+    instance is created and assigned to :attr:`app.json` when creating
+    the app.
+
+    The default, :class:`~flask.json.provider.DefaultJSONProvider`, uses
+    Python's built-in :mod:`json` library. A different provider can use
+    a different JSON library.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.2
+    """
+
+    #: Options that are passed to the Jinja environment in
+    #: :meth:`create_jinja_environment`. Changing these options after
+    #: the environment is created (accessing :attr:`jinja_env`) will
+    #: have no effect.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionchanged:: 1.1.0
+    #:     This is a ``dict`` instead of an ``ImmutableDict`` to allow
+    #:     easier configuration.
+    #:
+    jinja_options: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
+
+    #: The rule object to use for URL rules created.  This is used by
+    #: :meth:`add_url_rule`.  Defaults to :class:`werkzeug.routing.Rule`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    url_rule_class = Rule
+
+    #: The map object to use for storing the URL rules and routing
+    #: configuration parameters. Defaults to :class:`werkzeug.routing.Map`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 1.1.0
+    url_map_class = Map
+
+    #: The :meth:`test_client` method creates an instance of this test
+    #: client class. Defaults to :class:`~flask.testing.FlaskClient`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    test_client_class: type[FlaskClient] | None = None
+
+    #: The :class:`~click.testing.CliRunner` subclass, by default
+    #: :class:`~flask.testing.FlaskCliRunner` that is used by
+    #: :meth:`test_cli_runner`. Its ``__init__`` method should take a
+    #: Flask app object as the first argument.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 1.0
+    test_cli_runner_class: type[FlaskCliRunner] | None = None
+
+    default_config: dict[str, t.Any]
+    response_class: type[Response]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        import_name: str,
+        static_url_path: str | None = None,
+        static_folder: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = "static",
+        static_host: str | None = None,
+        host_matching: bool = False,
+        subdomain_matching: bool = False,
+        template_folder: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = "templates",
+        instance_path: str | None = None,
+        instance_relative_config: bool = False,
+        root_path: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            import_name=import_name,
+            static_folder=static_folder,
+            static_url_path=static_url_path,
+            template_folder=template_folder,
+            root_path=root_path,
+        )
+
+        if instance_path is None:
+            instance_path = self.auto_find_instance_path()
+        elif not os.path.isabs(instance_path):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "If an instance path is provided it must be absolute."
+                " A relative path was given instead."
+            )
+
+        #: Holds the path to the instance folder.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        self.instance_path = instance_path
+
+        #: The configuration dictionary as :class:`Config`.  This behaves
+        #: exactly like a regular dictionary but supports additional methods
+        #: to load a config from files.
+        self.config = self.make_config(instance_relative_config)
+
+        #: An instance of :attr:`aborter_class` created by
+        #: :meth:`make_aborter`. This is called by :func:`flask.abort`
+        #: to raise HTTP errors, and can be called directly as well.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 2.2
+        #:     Moved from ``flask.abort``, which calls this object.
+        self.aborter = self.make_aborter()
+
+        self.json: JSONProvider = self.json_provider_class(self)
+        """Provides access to JSON methods. Functions in ``flask.json``
+        will call methods on this provider when the application context
+        is active. Used for handling JSON requests and responses.
+
+        An instance of :attr:`json_provider_class`. Can be customized by
+        changing that attribute on a subclass, or by assigning to this
+        attribute afterwards.
+
+        The default, :class:`~flask.json.provider.DefaultJSONProvider`,
+        uses Python's built-in :mod:`json` library. A different provider
+        can use a different JSON library.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.2
+        """
+
+        #: A list of functions that are called by
+        #: :meth:`handle_url_build_error` when :meth:`.url_for` raises a
+        #: :exc:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError`. Each function is called
+        #: with ``error``, ``endpoint`` and ``values``. If a function
+        #: returns ``None`` or raises a ``BuildError``, it is skipped.
+        #: Otherwise, its return value is returned by ``url_for``.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        self.url_build_error_handlers: list[
+            t.Callable[[Exception, str, dict[str, t.Any]], str]
+        ] = []
+
+        #: A list of functions that are called when the application context
+        #: is destroyed.  Since the application context is also torn down
+        #: if the request ends this is the place to store code that disconnects
+        #: from databases.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        self.teardown_appcontext_funcs: list[ft.TeardownCallable] = []
+
+        #: A list of shell context processor functions that should be run
+        #: when a shell context is created.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.11
+        self.shell_context_processors: list[ft.ShellContextProcessorCallable] = []
+
+        #: Maps registered blueprint names to blueprint objects. The
+        #: dict retains the order the blueprints were registered in.
+        #: Blueprints can be registered multiple times, this dict does
+        #: not track how often they were attached.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        self.blueprints: dict[str, Blueprint] = {}
+
+        #: a place where extensions can store application specific state.  For
+        #: example this is where an extension could store database engines and
+        #: similar things.
+        #:
+        #: The key must match the name of the extension module. For example in
+        #: case of a "Flask-Foo" extension in `flask_foo`, the key would be
+        #: ``'foo'``.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        self.extensions: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
+
+        #: The :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Map` for this instance.  You can use
+        #: this to change the routing converters after the class was created
+        #: but before any routes are connected.  Example::
+        #:
+        #:    from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
+        #:
+        #:    class ListConverter(BaseConverter):
+        #:        def to_python(self, value):
+        #:            return value.split(',')
+        #:        def to_url(self, values):
+        #:            return ','.join(super(ListConverter, self).to_url(value)
+        #:                            for value in values)
+        #:
+        #:    app = Flask(__name__)
+        #:    app.url_map.converters['list'] = ListConverter
+        self.url_map = self.url_map_class(host_matching=host_matching)
+
+        self.subdomain_matching = subdomain_matching
+
+        # tracks internally if the application already handled at least one
+        # request.
+        self._got_first_request = False
+
+    def _check_setup_finished(self, f_name: str) -> None:
+        if self._got_first_request:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                f"The setup method '{f_name}' can no longer be called"
+                " on the application. It has already handled its first"
+                " request, any changes will not be applied"
+                " consistently.\n"
+                "Make sure all imports, decorators, functions, etc."
+                " needed to set up the application are done before"
+                " running it."
+            )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def name(self) -> str:  # type: ignore
+        """The name of the application.  This is usually the import name
+        with the difference that it's guessed from the run file if the
+        import name is main.  This name is used as a display name when
+        Flask needs the name of the application.  It can be set and overridden
+        to change the value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        if self.import_name == "__main__":
+            fn: str | None = getattr(sys.modules["__main__"], "__file__", None)
+            if fn is None:
+                return "__main__"
+            return os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(fn))[0]
+        return self.import_name
+
+    @cached_property
+    def logger(self) -> logging.Logger:
+        """A standard Python :class:`~logging.Logger` for the app, with
+        the same name as :attr:`name`.
+
+        In debug mode, the logger's :attr:`~logging.Logger.level` will
+        be set to :data:`~logging.DEBUG`.
+
+        If there are no handlers configured, a default handler will be
+        added. See :doc:`/logging` for more information.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.1.0
+            The logger takes the same name as :attr:`name` rather than
+            hard-coding ``"flask.app"``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
+            Behavior was simplified. The logger is always named
+            ``"flask.app"``. The level is only set during configuration,
+            it doesn't check ``app.debug`` each time. Only one format is
+            used, not different ones depending on ``app.debug``. No
+            handlers are removed, and a handler is only added if no
+            handlers are already configured.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.3
+        """
+        return create_logger(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def jinja_env(self) -> Environment:
+        """The Jinja environment used to load templates.
+
+        The environment is created the first time this property is
+        accessed. Changing :attr:`jinja_options` after that will have no
+        effect.
+        """
+        return self.create_jinja_environment()
+
+    def create_jinja_environment(self) -> Environment:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def make_config(self, instance_relative: bool = False) -> Config:
+        """Used to create the config attribute by the Flask constructor.
+        The `instance_relative` parameter is passed in from the constructor
+        of Flask (there named `instance_relative_config`) and indicates if
+        the config should be relative to the instance path or the root path
+        of the application.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        root_path = self.root_path
+        if instance_relative:
+            root_path = self.instance_path
+        defaults = dict(self.default_config)
+        defaults["DEBUG"] = get_debug_flag()
+        return self.config_class(root_path, defaults)
+
+    def make_aborter(self) -> Aborter:
+        """Create the object to assign to :attr:`aborter`. That object
+        is called by :func:`flask.abort` to raise HTTP errors, and can
+        be called directly as well.
+
+        By default, this creates an instance of :attr:`aborter_class`,
+        which defaults to :class:`werkzeug.exceptions.Aborter`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.2
+        """
+        return self.aborter_class()
+
+    def auto_find_instance_path(self) -> str:
+        """Tries to locate the instance path if it was not provided to the
+        constructor of the application class.  It will basically calculate
+        the path to a folder named ``instance`` next to your main file or
+        the package.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        prefix, package_path = find_package(self.import_name)
+        if prefix is None:
+            return os.path.join(package_path, "instance")
+        return os.path.join(prefix, "var", f"{self.name}-instance")
+
+    def create_global_jinja_loader(self) -> DispatchingJinjaLoader:
+        """Creates the loader for the Jinja2 environment.  Can be used to
+        override just the loader and keeping the rest unchanged.  It's
+        discouraged to override this function.  Instead one should override
+        the :meth:`jinja_loader` function instead.
+
+        The global loader dispatches between the loaders of the application
+        and the individual blueprints.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        return DispatchingJinjaLoader(self)
+
+    def select_jinja_autoescape(self, filename: str) -> bool:
+        """Returns ``True`` if autoescaping should be active for the given
+        template name. If no template name is given, returns `True`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.2
+            Autoescaping is now enabled by default for ``.svg`` files.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        """
+        if filename is None:
+            return True
+        return filename.endswith((".html", ".htm", ".xml", ".xhtml", ".svg"))
+
+    @property
+    def debug(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether debug mode is enabled. When using ``flask run`` to start the
+        development server, an interactive debugger will be shown for unhandled
+        exceptions, and the server will be reloaded when code changes. This maps to the
+        :data:`DEBUG` config key. It may not behave as expected if set late.
+
+        **Do not enable debug mode when deploying in production.**
+
+        Default: ``False``
+        """
+        return self.config["DEBUG"]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    @debug.setter
+    def debug(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self.config["DEBUG"] = value
+
+        if self.config["TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD"] is None:
+            self.jinja_env.auto_reload = value
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def register_blueprint(self, blueprint: Blueprint, **options: t.Any) -> None:
+        """Register a :class:`~flask.Blueprint` on the application. Keyword
+        arguments passed to this method will override the defaults set on the
+        blueprint.
+
+        Calls the blueprint's :meth:`~flask.Blueprint.register` method after
+        recording the blueprint in the application's :attr:`blueprints`.
+
+        :param blueprint: The blueprint to register.
+        :param url_prefix: Blueprint routes will be prefixed with this.
+        :param subdomain: Blueprint routes will match on this subdomain.
+        :param url_defaults: Blueprint routes will use these default values for
+            view arguments.
+        :param options: Additional keyword arguments are passed to
+            :class:`~flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState`. They can be
+            accessed in :meth:`~flask.Blueprint.record` callbacks.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.1
+            The ``name`` option can be used to change the (pre-dotted)
+            name the blueprint is registered with. This allows the same
+            blueprint to be registered multiple times with unique names
+            for ``url_for``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        blueprint.register(self, options)
+
+    def iter_blueprints(self) -> t.ValuesView[Blueprint]:
+        """Iterates over all blueprints by the order they were registered.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.11
+        """
+        return self.blueprints.values()
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_url_rule(
+        self,
+        rule: str,
+        endpoint: str | None = None,
+        view_func: ft.RouteCallable | None = None,
+        provide_automatic_options: bool | None = None,
+        **options: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if endpoint is None:
+            endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func)  # type: ignore
+        options["endpoint"] = endpoint
+        methods = options.pop("methods", None)
+
+        # if the methods are not given and the view_func object knows its
+        # methods we can use that instead.  If neither exists, we go with
+        # a tuple of only ``GET`` as default.
+        if methods is None:
+            methods = getattr(view_func, "methods", None) or ("GET",)
+        if isinstance(methods, str):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Allowed methods must be a list of strings, for"
+                ' example: @app.route(..., methods=["POST"])'
+            )
+        methods = {item.upper() for item in methods}
+
+        # Methods that should always be added
+        required_methods = set(getattr(view_func, "required_methods", ()))
+
+        # starting with Flask 0.8 the view_func object can disable and
+        # force-enable the automatic options handling.
+        if provide_automatic_options is None:
+            provide_automatic_options = getattr(
+                view_func, "provide_automatic_options", None
+            )
+
+        if provide_automatic_options is None:
+            if "OPTIONS" not in methods:
+                provide_automatic_options = True
+                required_methods.add("OPTIONS")
+            else:
+                provide_automatic_options = False
+
+        # Add the required methods now.
+        methods |= required_methods
+
+        rule_obj = self.url_rule_class(rule, methods=methods, **options)
+        rule_obj.provide_automatic_options = provide_automatic_options  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        self.url_map.add(rule_obj)
+        if view_func is not None:
+            old_func = self.view_functions.get(endpoint)
+            if old_func is not None and old_func != view_func:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "View function mapping is overwriting an existing"
+                    f" endpoint function: {endpoint}"
+                )
+            self.view_functions[endpoint] = view_func
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_filter(
+        self, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]:
+        """A decorator that is used to register custom template filter.
+        You can specify a name for the filter, otherwise the function
+        name will be used. Example::
+
+          @app.template_filter()
+          def reverse(s):
+              return s[::-1]
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_template_filter) -> T_template_filter:
+            self.add_template_filter(f, name=name)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_template_filter(
+        self, f: ft.TemplateFilterCallable, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a custom template filter.  Works exactly like the
+        :meth:`template_filter` decorator.
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        self.jinja_env.filters[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_test(
+        self, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]:
+        """A decorator that is used to register custom template test.
+        You can specify a name for the test, otherwise the function
+        name will be used. Example::
+
+          @app.template_test()
+          def is_prime(n):
+              if n == 2:
+                  return True
+              for i in range(2, int(math.ceil(math.sqrt(n))) + 1):
+                  if n % i == 0:
+                      return False
+              return True
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_template_test) -> T_template_test:
+            self.add_template_test(f, name=name)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_template_test(
+        self, f: ft.TemplateTestCallable, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a custom template test.  Works exactly like the
+        :meth:`template_test` decorator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        self.jinja_env.tests[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_global(
+        self, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]:
+        """A decorator that is used to register a custom template global function.
+        You can specify a name for the global function, otherwise the function
+        name will be used. Example::
+
+            @app.template_global()
+            def double(n):
+                return 2 * n
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the global function, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_template_global) -> T_template_global:
+            self.add_template_global(f, name=name)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_template_global(
+        self, f: ft.TemplateGlobalCallable, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a custom template global function. Works exactly like the
+        :meth:`template_global` decorator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the global function, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        self.jinja_env.globals[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def teardown_appcontext(self, f: T_teardown) -> T_teardown:
+        """Registers a function to be called when the application
+        context is popped. The application context is typically popped
+        after the request context for each request, at the end of CLI
+        commands, or after a manually pushed context ends.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            with app.app_context():
+                ...
+
+        When the ``with`` block exits (or ``ctx.pop()`` is called), the
+        teardown functions are called just before the app context is
+        made inactive. Since a request context typically also manages an
+        application context it would also be called when you pop a
+        request context.
+
+        When a teardown function was called because of an unhandled
+        exception it will be passed an error object. If an
+        :meth:`errorhandler` is registered, it will handle the exception
+        and the teardown will not receive it.
+
+        Teardown functions must avoid raising exceptions. If they
+        execute code that might fail they must surround that code with a
+        ``try``/``except`` block and log any errors.
+
+        The return values of teardown functions are ignored.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        self.teardown_appcontext_funcs.append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def shell_context_processor(
+        self, f: T_shell_context_processor
+    ) -> T_shell_context_processor:
+        """Registers a shell context processor function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.11
+        """
+        self.shell_context_processors.append(f)
+        return f
+
+    def _find_error_handler(
+        self, e: Exception, blueprints: list[str]
+    ) -> ft.ErrorHandlerCallable | None:
+        """Return a registered error handler for an exception in this order:
+        blueprint handler for a specific code, app handler for a specific code,
+        blueprint handler for an exception class, app handler for an exception
+        class, or ``None`` if a suitable handler is not found.
+        """
+        exc_class, code = self._get_exc_class_and_code(type(e))
+        names = (*blueprints, None)
+
+        for c in (code, None) if code is not None else (None,):
+            for name in names:
+                handler_map = self.error_handler_spec[name][c]
+
+                if not handler_map:
+                    continue
+
+                for cls in exc_class.__mro__:
+                    handler = handler_map.get(cls)
+
+                    if handler is not None:
+                        return handler
+        return None
+
+    def trap_http_exception(self, e: Exception) -> bool:
+        """Checks if an HTTP exception should be trapped or not.  By default
+        this will return ``False`` for all exceptions except for a bad request
+        key error if ``TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS`` is set to ``True``.  It
+        also returns ``True`` if ``TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS`` is set to ``True``.
+
+        This is called for all HTTP exceptions raised by a view function.
+        If it returns ``True`` for any exception the error handler for this
+        exception is not called and it shows up as regular exception in the
+        traceback.  This is helpful for debugging implicitly raised HTTP
+        exceptions.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0
+            Bad request errors are not trapped by default in debug mode.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        if self.config["TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS"]:
+            return True
+
+        trap_bad_request = self.config["TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS"]
+
+        # if unset, trap key errors in debug mode
+        if (
+            trap_bad_request is None
+            and self.debug
+            and isinstance(e, BadRequestKeyError)
+        ):
+            return True
+
+        if trap_bad_request:
+            return isinstance(e, BadRequest)
+
+        return False
+
+    def should_ignore_error(self, error: BaseException | None) -> bool:
+        """This is called to figure out if an error should be ignored
+        or not as far as the teardown system is concerned.  If this
+        function returns ``True`` then the teardown handlers will not be
+        passed the error.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def redirect(self, location: str, code: int = 302) -> BaseResponse:
+        """Create a redirect response object.
+
+        This is called by :func:`flask.redirect`, and can be called
+        directly as well.
+
+        :param location: The URL to redirect to.
+        :param code: The status code for the redirect.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.2
+            Moved from ``flask.redirect``, which calls this method.
+        """
+        return _wz_redirect(
+            location,
+            code=code,
+            Response=self.response_class,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+    def inject_url_defaults(self, endpoint: str, values: dict[str, t.Any]) -> None:
+        """Injects the URL defaults for the given endpoint directly into
+        the values dictionary passed.  This is used internally and
+        automatically called on URL building.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        names: t.Iterable[str | None] = (None,)
+
+        # url_for may be called outside a request context, parse the
+        # passed endpoint instead of using request.blueprints.
+        if "." in endpoint:
+            names = chain(
+                names, reversed(_split_blueprint_path(endpoint.rpartition(".")[0]))
+            )
+
+        for name in names:
+            if name in self.url_default_functions:
+                for func in self.url_default_functions[name]:
+                    func(endpoint, values)
+
+    def handle_url_build_error(
+        self, error: BuildError, endpoint: str, values: dict[str, t.Any]
+    ) -> str:
+        """Called by :meth:`.url_for` if a
+        :exc:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError` was raised. If this returns
+        a value, it will be returned by ``url_for``, otherwise the error
+        will be re-raised.
+
+        Each function in :attr:`url_build_error_handlers` is called with
+        ``error``, ``endpoint`` and ``values``. If a function returns
+        ``None`` or raises a ``BuildError``, it is skipped. Otherwise,
+        its return value is returned by ``url_for``.
+
+        :param error: The active ``BuildError`` being handled.
+        :param endpoint: The endpoint being built.
+        :param values: The keyword arguments passed to ``url_for``.
+        """
+        for handler in self.url_build_error_handlers:
+            try:
+                rv = handler(error, endpoint, values)
+            except BuildError as e:
+                # make error available outside except block
+                error = e
+            else:
+                if rv is not None:
+                    return rv
+
+        # Re-raise if called with an active exception, otherwise raise
+        # the passed in exception.
+        if error is sys.exc_info()[1]:
+            raise
+
+        raise error
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/blueprints.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/blueprints.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f912cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/blueprints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import typing as t
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+from .. import typing as ft
+from .scaffold import _endpoint_from_view_func
+from .scaffold import _sentinel
+from .scaffold import Scaffold
+from .scaffold import setupmethod
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    from .app import App
+
+DeferredSetupFunction = t.Callable[["BlueprintSetupState"], None]
+T_after_request = t.TypeVar("T_after_request", bound=ft.AfterRequestCallable[t.Any])
+T_before_request = t.TypeVar("T_before_request", bound=ft.BeforeRequestCallable)
+T_error_handler = t.TypeVar("T_error_handler", bound=ft.ErrorHandlerCallable)
+T_teardown = t.TypeVar("T_teardown", bound=ft.TeardownCallable)
+T_template_context_processor = t.TypeVar(
+    "T_template_context_processor", bound=ft.TemplateContextProcessorCallable
+)
+T_template_filter = t.TypeVar("T_template_filter", bound=ft.TemplateFilterCallable)
+T_template_global = t.TypeVar("T_template_global", bound=ft.TemplateGlobalCallable)
+T_template_test = t.TypeVar("T_template_test", bound=ft.TemplateTestCallable)
+T_url_defaults = t.TypeVar("T_url_defaults", bound=ft.URLDefaultCallable)
+T_url_value_preprocessor = t.TypeVar(
+    "T_url_value_preprocessor", bound=ft.URLValuePreprocessorCallable
+)
+
+
+class BlueprintSetupState:
+    """Temporary holder object for registering a blueprint with the
+    application.  An instance of this class is created by the
+    :meth:`~flask.Blueprint.make_setup_state` method and later passed
+    to all register callback functions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        blueprint: Blueprint,
+        app: App,
+        options: t.Any,
+        first_registration: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        #: a reference to the current application
+        self.app = app
+
+        #: a reference to the blueprint that created this setup state.
+        self.blueprint = blueprint
+
+        #: a dictionary with all options that were passed to the
+        #: :meth:`~flask.Flask.register_blueprint` method.
+        self.options = options
+
+        #: as blueprints can be registered multiple times with the
+        #: application and not everything wants to be registered
+        #: multiple times on it, this attribute can be used to figure
+        #: out if the blueprint was registered in the past already.
+        self.first_registration = first_registration
+
+        subdomain = self.options.get("subdomain")
+        if subdomain is None:
+            subdomain = self.blueprint.subdomain
+
+        #: The subdomain that the blueprint should be active for, ``None``
+        #: otherwise.
+        self.subdomain = subdomain
+
+        url_prefix = self.options.get("url_prefix")
+        if url_prefix is None:
+            url_prefix = self.blueprint.url_prefix
+        #: The prefix that should be used for all URLs defined on the
+        #: blueprint.
+        self.url_prefix = url_prefix
+
+        self.name = self.options.get("name", blueprint.name)
+        self.name_prefix = self.options.get("name_prefix", "")
+
+        #: A dictionary with URL defaults that is added to each and every
+        #: URL that was defined with the blueprint.
+        self.url_defaults = dict(self.blueprint.url_values_defaults)
+        self.url_defaults.update(self.options.get("url_defaults", ()))
+
+    def add_url_rule(
+        self,
+        rule: str,
+        endpoint: str | None = None,
+        view_func: ft.RouteCallable | None = None,
+        **options: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """A helper method to register a rule (and optionally a view function)
+        to the application.  The endpoint is automatically prefixed with the
+        blueprint's name.
+        """
+        if self.url_prefix is not None:
+            if rule:
+                rule = "/".join((self.url_prefix.rstrip("/"), rule.lstrip("/")))
+            else:
+                rule = self.url_prefix
+        options.setdefault("subdomain", self.subdomain)
+        if endpoint is None:
+            endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func)  # type: ignore
+        defaults = self.url_defaults
+        if "defaults" in options:
+            defaults = dict(defaults, **options.pop("defaults"))
+
+        self.app.add_url_rule(
+            rule,
+            f"{self.name_prefix}.{self.name}.{endpoint}".lstrip("."),
+            view_func,
+            defaults=defaults,
+            **options,
+        )
+
+
+class Blueprint(Scaffold):
+    """Represents a blueprint, a collection of routes and other
+    app-related functions that can be registered on a real application
+    later.
+
+    A blueprint is an object that allows defining application functions
+    without requiring an application object ahead of time. It uses the
+    same decorators as :class:`~flask.Flask`, but defers the need for an
+    application by recording them for later registration.
+
+    Decorating a function with a blueprint creates a deferred function
+    that is called with :class:`~flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState`
+    when the blueprint is registered on an application.
+
+    See :doc:`/blueprints` for more information.
+
+    :param name: The name of the blueprint. Will be prepended to each
+        endpoint name.
+    :param import_name: The name of the blueprint package, usually
+        ``__name__``. This helps locate the ``root_path`` for the
+        blueprint.
+    :param static_folder: A folder with static files that should be
+        served by the blueprint's static route. The path is relative to
+        the blueprint's root path. Blueprint static files are disabled
+        by default.
+    :param static_url_path: The url to serve static files from.
+        Defaults to ``static_folder``. If the blueprint does not have
+        a ``url_prefix``, the app's static route will take precedence,
+        and the blueprint's static files won't be accessible.
+    :param template_folder: A folder with templates that should be added
+        to the app's template search path. The path is relative to the
+        blueprint's root path. Blueprint templates are disabled by
+        default. Blueprint templates have a lower precedence than those
+        in the app's templates folder.
+    :param url_prefix: A path to prepend to all of the blueprint's URLs,
+        to make them distinct from the rest of the app's routes.
+    :param subdomain: A subdomain that blueprint routes will match on by
+        default.
+    :param url_defaults: A dict of default values that blueprint routes
+        will receive by default.
+    :param root_path: By default, the blueprint will automatically set
+        this based on ``import_name``. In certain situations this
+        automatic detection can fail, so the path can be specified
+        manually instead.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.1.0
+        Blueprints have a ``cli`` group to register nested CLI commands.
+        The ``cli_group`` parameter controls the name of the group under
+        the ``flask`` command.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+
+    _got_registered_once = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        import_name: str,
+        static_folder: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+        static_url_path: str | None = None,
+        template_folder: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        subdomain: str | None = None,
+        url_defaults: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
+        root_path: str | None = None,
+        cli_group: str | None = _sentinel,  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            import_name=import_name,
+            static_folder=static_folder,
+            static_url_path=static_url_path,
+            template_folder=template_folder,
+            root_path=root_path,
+        )
+
+        if not name:
+            raise ValueError("'name' may not be empty.")
+
+        if "." in name:
+            raise ValueError("'name' may not contain a dot '.' character.")
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.url_prefix = url_prefix
+        self.subdomain = subdomain
+        self.deferred_functions: list[DeferredSetupFunction] = []
+
+        if url_defaults is None:
+            url_defaults = {}
+
+        self.url_values_defaults = url_defaults
+        self.cli_group = cli_group
+        self._blueprints: list[tuple[Blueprint, dict[str, t.Any]]] = []
+
+    def _check_setup_finished(self, f_name: str) -> None:
+        if self._got_registered_once:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                f"The setup method '{f_name}' can no longer be called on the blueprint"
+                f" '{self.name}'. It has already been registered at least once, any"
+                " changes will not be applied consistently.\n"
+                "Make sure all imports, decorators, functions, etc. needed to set up"
+                " the blueprint are done before registering it."
+            )
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def record(self, func: DeferredSetupFunction) -> None:
+        """Registers a function that is called when the blueprint is
+        registered on the application.  This function is called with the
+        state as argument as returned by the :meth:`make_setup_state`
+        method.
+        """
+        self.deferred_functions.append(func)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def record_once(self, func: DeferredSetupFunction) -> None:
+        """Works like :meth:`record` but wraps the function in another
+        function that will ensure the function is only called once.  If the
+        blueprint is registered a second time on the application, the
+        function passed is not called.
+        """
+
+        def wrapper(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
+            if state.first_registration:
+                func(state)
+
+        self.record(update_wrapper(wrapper, func))
+
+    def make_setup_state(
+        self, app: App, options: dict[str, t.Any], first_registration: bool = False
+    ) -> BlueprintSetupState:
+        """Creates an instance of :meth:`~flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState`
+        object that is later passed to the register callback functions.
+        Subclasses can override this to return a subclass of the setup state.
+        """
+        return BlueprintSetupState(self, app, options, first_registration)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def register_blueprint(self, blueprint: Blueprint, **options: t.Any) -> None:
+        """Register a :class:`~flask.Blueprint` on this blueprint. Keyword
+        arguments passed to this method will override the defaults set
+        on the blueprint.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.1
+            The ``name`` option can be used to change the (pre-dotted)
+            name the blueprint is registered with. This allows the same
+            blueprint to be registered multiple times with unique names
+            for ``url_for``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+        if blueprint is self:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot register a blueprint on itself")
+        self._blueprints.append((blueprint, options))
+
+    def register(self, app: App, options: dict[str, t.Any]) -> None:
+        """Called by :meth:`Flask.register_blueprint` to register all
+        views and callbacks registered on the blueprint with the
+        application. Creates a :class:`.BlueprintSetupState` and calls
+        each :meth:`record` callback with it.
+
+        :param app: The application this blueprint is being registered
+            with.
+        :param options: Keyword arguments forwarded from
+            :meth:`~Flask.register_blueprint`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.3
+            Nested blueprints now correctly apply subdomains.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.1
+            Registering the same blueprint with the same name multiple
+            times is an error.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.1
+            Nested blueprints are registered with their dotted name.
+            This allows different blueprints with the same name to be
+            nested at different locations.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.1
+            The ``name`` option can be used to change the (pre-dotted)
+            name the blueprint is registered with. This allows the same
+            blueprint to be registered multiple times with unique names
+            for ``url_for``.
+        """
+        name_prefix = options.get("name_prefix", "")
+        self_name = options.get("name", self.name)
+        name = f"{name_prefix}.{self_name}".lstrip(".")
+
+        if name in app.blueprints:
+            bp_desc = "this" if app.blueprints[name] is self else "a different"
+            existing_at = f" '{name}'" if self_name != name else ""
+
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The name '{self_name}' is already registered for"
+                f" {bp_desc} blueprint{existing_at}. Use 'name=' to"
+                f" provide a unique name."
+            )
+
+        first_bp_registration = not any(bp is self for bp in app.blueprints.values())
+        first_name_registration = name not in app.blueprints
+
+        app.blueprints[name] = self
+        self._got_registered_once = True
+        state = self.make_setup_state(app, options, first_bp_registration)
+
+        if self.has_static_folder:
+            state.add_url_rule(
+                f"{self.static_url_path}/<path:filename>",
+                view_func=self.send_static_file,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                endpoint="static",
+            )
+
+        # Merge blueprint data into parent.
+        if first_bp_registration or first_name_registration:
+            self._merge_blueprint_funcs(app, name)
+
+        for deferred in self.deferred_functions:
+            deferred(state)
+
+        cli_resolved_group = options.get("cli_group", self.cli_group)
+
+        if self.cli.commands:
+            if cli_resolved_group is None:
+                app.cli.commands.update(self.cli.commands)
+            elif cli_resolved_group is _sentinel:
+                self.cli.name = name
+                app.cli.add_command(self.cli)
+            else:
+                self.cli.name = cli_resolved_group
+                app.cli.add_command(self.cli)
+
+        for blueprint, bp_options in self._blueprints:
+            bp_options = bp_options.copy()
+            bp_url_prefix = bp_options.get("url_prefix")
+            bp_subdomain = bp_options.get("subdomain")
+
+            if bp_subdomain is None:
+                bp_subdomain = blueprint.subdomain
+
+            if state.subdomain is not None and bp_subdomain is not None:
+                bp_options["subdomain"] = bp_subdomain + "." + state.subdomain
+            elif bp_subdomain is not None:
+                bp_options["subdomain"] = bp_subdomain
+            elif state.subdomain is not None:
+                bp_options["subdomain"] = state.subdomain
+
+            if bp_url_prefix is None:
+                bp_url_prefix = blueprint.url_prefix
+
+            if state.url_prefix is not None and bp_url_prefix is not None:
+                bp_options["url_prefix"] = (
+                    state.url_prefix.rstrip("/") + "/" + bp_url_prefix.lstrip("/")
+                )
+            elif bp_url_prefix is not None:
+                bp_options["url_prefix"] = bp_url_prefix
+            elif state.url_prefix is not None:
+                bp_options["url_prefix"] = state.url_prefix
+
+            bp_options["name_prefix"] = name
+            blueprint.register(app, bp_options)
+
+    def _merge_blueprint_funcs(self, app: App, name: str) -> None:
+        def extend(
+            bp_dict: dict[ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, list[t.Any]],
+            parent_dict: dict[ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, list[t.Any]],
+        ) -> None:
+            for key, values in bp_dict.items():
+                key = name if key is None else f"{name}.{key}"
+                parent_dict[key].extend(values)
+
+        for key, value in self.error_handler_spec.items():
+            key = name if key is None else f"{name}.{key}"
+            value = defaultdict(
+                dict,
+                {
+                    code: {exc_class: func for exc_class, func in code_values.items()}
+                    for code, code_values in value.items()
+                },
+            )
+            app.error_handler_spec[key] = value
+
+        for endpoint, func in self.view_functions.items():
+            app.view_functions[endpoint] = func
+
+        extend(self.before_request_funcs, app.before_request_funcs)
+        extend(self.after_request_funcs, app.after_request_funcs)
+        extend(
+            self.teardown_request_funcs,
+            app.teardown_request_funcs,
+        )
+        extend(self.url_default_functions, app.url_default_functions)
+        extend(self.url_value_preprocessors, app.url_value_preprocessors)
+        extend(self.template_context_processors, app.template_context_processors)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_url_rule(
+        self,
+        rule: str,
+        endpoint: str | None = None,
+        view_func: ft.RouteCallable | None = None,
+        provide_automatic_options: bool | None = None,
+        **options: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a URL rule with the blueprint. See :meth:`.Flask.add_url_rule` for
+        full documentation.
+
+        The URL rule is prefixed with the blueprint's URL prefix. The endpoint name,
+        used with :func:`url_for`, is prefixed with the blueprint's name.
+        """
+        if endpoint and "." in endpoint:
+            raise ValueError("'endpoint' may not contain a dot '.' character.")
+
+        if view_func and hasattr(view_func, "__name__") and "." in view_func.__name__:
+            raise ValueError("'view_func' name may not contain a dot '.' character.")
+
+        self.record(
+            lambda s: s.add_url_rule(
+                rule,
+                endpoint,
+                view_func,
+                provide_automatic_options=provide_automatic_options,
+                **options,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_template_filter(
+        self, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]:
+        """Register a template filter, available in any template rendered by the
+        application. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_filter`.
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_template_filter) -> T_template_filter:
+            self.add_app_template_filter(f, name=name)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_app_template_filter(
+        self, f: ft.TemplateFilterCallable, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a template filter, available in any template rendered by the
+        application. Works like the :meth:`app_template_filter` decorator. Equivalent to
+        :meth:`.Flask.add_template_filter`.
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
+            state.app.jinja_env.filters[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+        self.record_once(register_template)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_template_test(
+        self, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]:
+        """Register a template test, available in any template rendered by the
+        application. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_test`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_template_test) -> T_template_test:
+            self.add_app_template_test(f, name=name)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_app_template_test(
+        self, f: ft.TemplateTestCallable, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a template test, available in any template rendered by the
+        application. Works like the :meth:`app_template_test` decorator. Equivalent to
+        :meth:`.Flask.add_template_test`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
+            state.app.jinja_env.tests[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+        self.record_once(register_template)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_template_global(
+        self, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]:
+        """Register a template global, available in any template rendered by the
+        application. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_global`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the global, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_template_global) -> T_template_global:
+            self.add_app_template_global(f, name=name)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_app_template_global(
+        self, f: ft.TemplateGlobalCallable, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a template global, available in any template rendered by the
+        application. Works like the :meth:`app_template_global` decorator. Equivalent to
+        :meth:`.Flask.add_template_global`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the global, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+
+        def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
+            state.app.jinja_env.globals[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+        self.record_once(register_template)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def before_app_request(self, f: T_before_request) -> T_before_request:
+        """Like :meth:`before_request`, but before every request, not only those handled
+        by the blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.before_request`.
+        """
+        self.record_once(
+            lambda s: s.app.before_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        )
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def after_app_request(self, f: T_after_request) -> T_after_request:
+        """Like :meth:`after_request`, but after every request, not only those handled
+        by the blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.after_request`.
+        """
+        self.record_once(
+            lambda s: s.app.after_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        )
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def teardown_app_request(self, f: T_teardown) -> T_teardown:
+        """Like :meth:`teardown_request`, but after every request, not only those
+        handled by the blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.teardown_request`.
+        """
+        self.record_once(
+            lambda s: s.app.teardown_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        )
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_context_processor(
+        self, f: T_template_context_processor
+    ) -> T_template_context_processor:
+        """Like :meth:`context_processor`, but for templates rendered by every view, not
+        only by the blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.context_processor`.
+        """
+        self.record_once(
+            lambda s: s.app.template_context_processors.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        )
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_errorhandler(
+        self, code: type[Exception] | int
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_error_handler], T_error_handler]:
+        """Like :meth:`errorhandler`, but for every request, not only those handled by
+        the blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.errorhandler`.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_error_handler) -> T_error_handler:
+            def from_blueprint(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
+                state.app.errorhandler(code)(f)
+
+            self.record_once(from_blueprint)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_url_value_preprocessor(
+        self, f: T_url_value_preprocessor
+    ) -> T_url_value_preprocessor:
+        """Like :meth:`url_value_preprocessor`, but for every request, not only those
+        handled by the blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.url_value_preprocessor`.
+        """
+        self.record_once(
+            lambda s: s.app.url_value_preprocessors.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        )
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_url_defaults(self, f: T_url_defaults) -> T_url_defaults:
+        """Like :meth:`url_defaults`, but for every request, not only those handled by
+        the blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.url_defaults`.
+        """
+        self.record_once(
+            lambda s: s.app.url_default_functions.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        )
+        return f
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/scaffold.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/scaffold.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69e33a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/sansio/scaffold.py
@@ -0,0 +1,801 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib.util
+import os
+import pathlib
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+from jinja2 import BaseLoader
+from jinja2 import FileSystemLoader
+from werkzeug.exceptions import default_exceptions
+from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException
+from werkzeug.utils import cached_property
+
+from .. import typing as ft
+from ..helpers import get_root_path
+from ..templating import _default_template_ctx_processor
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    from click import Group
+
+# a singleton sentinel value for parameter defaults
+_sentinel = object()
+
+F = t.TypeVar("F", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
+T_after_request = t.TypeVar("T_after_request", bound=ft.AfterRequestCallable[t.Any])
+T_before_request = t.TypeVar("T_before_request", bound=ft.BeforeRequestCallable)
+T_error_handler = t.TypeVar("T_error_handler", bound=ft.ErrorHandlerCallable)
+T_teardown = t.TypeVar("T_teardown", bound=ft.TeardownCallable)
+T_template_context_processor = t.TypeVar(
+    "T_template_context_processor", bound=ft.TemplateContextProcessorCallable
+)
+T_url_defaults = t.TypeVar("T_url_defaults", bound=ft.URLDefaultCallable)
+T_url_value_preprocessor = t.TypeVar(
+    "T_url_value_preprocessor", bound=ft.URLValuePreprocessorCallable
+)
+T_route = t.TypeVar("T_route", bound=ft.RouteCallable)
+
+
+def setupmethod(f: F) -> F:
+    f_name = f.__name__
+
+    def wrapper_func(self: Scaffold, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+        self._check_setup_finished(f_name)
+        return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return t.cast(F, update_wrapper(wrapper_func, f))
+
+
+class Scaffold:
+    """Common behavior shared between :class:`~flask.Flask` and
+    :class:`~flask.blueprints.Blueprint`.
+
+    :param import_name: The import name of the module where this object
+        is defined. Usually :attr:`__name__` should be used.
+    :param static_folder: Path to a folder of static files to serve.
+        If this is set, a static route will be added.
+    :param static_url_path: URL prefix for the static route.
+    :param template_folder: Path to a folder containing template files.
+        for rendering. If this is set, a Jinja loader will be added.
+    :param root_path: The path that static, template, and resource files
+        are relative to. Typically not set, it is discovered based on
+        the ``import_name``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+
+    cli: Group
+    name: str
+    _static_folder: str | None = None
+    _static_url_path: str | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        import_name: str,
+        static_folder: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+        static_url_path: str | None = None,
+        template_folder: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+        root_path: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        #: The name of the package or module that this object belongs
+        #: to. Do not change this once it is set by the constructor.
+        self.import_name = import_name
+
+        self.static_folder = static_folder  # type: ignore
+        self.static_url_path = static_url_path
+
+        #: The path to the templates folder, relative to
+        #: :attr:`root_path`, to add to the template loader. ``None`` if
+        #: templates should not be added.
+        self.template_folder = template_folder
+
+        if root_path is None:
+            root_path = get_root_path(self.import_name)
+
+        #: Absolute path to the package on the filesystem. Used to look
+        #: up resources contained in the package.
+        self.root_path = root_path
+
+        #: A dictionary mapping endpoint names to view functions.
+        #:
+        #: To register a view function, use the :meth:`route` decorator.
+        #:
+        #: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
+        #: directly and its format may change at any time.
+        self.view_functions: dict[str, ft.RouteCallable] = {}
+
+        #: A data structure of registered error handlers, in the format
+        #: ``{scope: {code: {class: handler}}}``. The ``scope`` key is
+        #: the name of a blueprint the handlers are active for, or
+        #: ``None`` for all requests. The ``code`` key is the HTTP
+        #: status code for ``HTTPException``, or ``None`` for
+        #: other exceptions. The innermost dictionary maps exception
+        #: classes to handler functions.
+        #:
+        #: To register an error handler, use the :meth:`errorhandler`
+        #: decorator.
+        #:
+        #: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
+        #: directly and its format may change at any time.
+        self.error_handler_spec: dict[
+            ft.AppOrBlueprintKey,
+            dict[int | None, dict[type[Exception], ft.ErrorHandlerCallable]],
+        ] = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
+
+        #: A data structure of functions to call at the beginning of
+        #: each request, in the format ``{scope: [functions]}``. The
+        #: ``scope`` key is the name of a blueprint the functions are
+        #: active for, or ``None`` for all requests.
+        #:
+        #: To register a function, use the :meth:`before_request`
+        #: decorator.
+        #:
+        #: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
+        #: directly and its format may change at any time.
+        self.before_request_funcs: dict[
+            ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, list[ft.BeforeRequestCallable]
+        ] = defaultdict(list)
+
+        #: A data structure of functions to call at the end of each
+        #: request, in the format ``{scope: [functions]}``. The
+        #: ``scope`` key is the name of a blueprint the functions are
+        #: active for, or ``None`` for all requests.
+        #:
+        #: To register a function, use the :meth:`after_request`
+        #: decorator.
+        #:
+        #: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
+        #: directly and its format may change at any time.
+        self.after_request_funcs: dict[
+            ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, list[ft.AfterRequestCallable[t.Any]]
+        ] = defaultdict(list)
+
+        #: A data structure of functions to call at the end of each
+        #: request even if an exception is raised, in the format
+        #: ``{scope: [functions]}``. The ``scope`` key is the name of a
+        #: blueprint the functions are active for, or ``None`` for all
+        #: requests.
+        #:
+        #: To register a function, use the :meth:`teardown_request`
+        #: decorator.
+        #:
+        #: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
+        #: directly and its format may change at any time.
+        self.teardown_request_funcs: dict[
+            ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, list[ft.TeardownCallable]
+        ] = defaultdict(list)
+
+        #: A data structure of functions to call to pass extra context
+        #: values when rendering templates, in the format
+        #: ``{scope: [functions]}``. The ``scope`` key is the name of a
+        #: blueprint the functions are active for, or ``None`` for all
+        #: requests.
+        #:
+        #: To register a function, use the :meth:`context_processor`
+        #: decorator.
+        #:
+        #: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
+        #: directly and its format may change at any time.
+        self.template_context_processors: dict[
+            ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, list[ft.TemplateContextProcessorCallable]
+        ] = defaultdict(list, {None: [_default_template_ctx_processor]})
+
+        #: A data structure of functions to call to modify the keyword
+        #: arguments passed to the view function, in the format
+        #: ``{scope: [functions]}``. The ``scope`` key is the name of a
+        #: blueprint the functions are active for, or ``None`` for all
+        #: requests.
+        #:
+        #: To register a function, use the
+        #: :meth:`url_value_preprocessor` decorator.
+        #:
+        #: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
+        #: directly and its format may change at any time.
+        self.url_value_preprocessors: dict[
+            ft.AppOrBlueprintKey,
+            list[ft.URLValuePreprocessorCallable],
+        ] = defaultdict(list)
+
+        #: A data structure of functions to call to modify the keyword
+        #: arguments when generating URLs, in the format
+        #: ``{scope: [functions]}``. The ``scope`` key is the name of a
+        #: blueprint the functions are active for, or ``None`` for all
+        #: requests.
+        #:
+        #: To register a function, use the :meth:`url_defaults`
+        #: decorator.
+        #:
+        #: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
+        #: directly and its format may change at any time.
+        self.url_default_functions: dict[
+            ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, list[ft.URLDefaultCallable]
+        ] = defaultdict(list)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{type(self).__name__} {self.name!r}>"
+
+    def _check_setup_finished(self, f_name: str) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def static_folder(self) -> str | None:
+        """The absolute path to the configured static folder. ``None``
+        if no static folder is set.
+        """
+        if self._static_folder is not None:
+            return os.path.join(self.root_path, self._static_folder)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @static_folder.setter
+    def static_folder(self, value: str | os.PathLike[str] | None) -> None:
+        if value is not None:
+            value = os.fspath(value).rstrip(r"\/")
+
+        self._static_folder = value
+
+    @property
+    def has_static_folder(self) -> bool:
+        """``True`` if :attr:`static_folder` is set.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        """
+        return self.static_folder is not None
+
+    @property
+    def static_url_path(self) -> str | None:
+        """The URL prefix that the static route will be accessible from.
+
+        If it was not configured during init, it is derived from
+        :attr:`static_folder`.
+        """
+        if self._static_url_path is not None:
+            return self._static_url_path
+
+        if self.static_folder is not None:
+            basename = os.path.basename(self.static_folder)
+            return f"/{basename}".rstrip("/")
+
+        return None
+
+    @static_url_path.setter
+    def static_url_path(self, value: str | None) -> None:
+        if value is not None:
+            value = value.rstrip("/")
+
+        self._static_url_path = value
+
+    @cached_property
+    def jinja_loader(self) -> BaseLoader | None:
+        """The Jinja loader for this object's templates. By default this
+        is a class :class:`jinja2.loaders.FileSystemLoader` to
+        :attr:`template_folder` if it is set.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        """
+        if self.template_folder is not None:
+            return FileSystemLoader(os.path.join(self.root_path, self.template_folder))
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _method_route(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        rule: str,
+        options: dict[str, t.Any],
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
+        if "methods" in options:
+            raise TypeError("Use the 'route' decorator to use the 'methods' argument.")
+
+        return self.route(rule, methods=[method], **options)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def get(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
+        """Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["GET"]``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+        return self._method_route("GET", rule, options)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def post(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
+        """Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["POST"]``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+        return self._method_route("POST", rule, options)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def put(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
+        """Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["PUT"]``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+        return self._method_route("PUT", rule, options)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def delete(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
+        """Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["DELETE"]``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+        return self._method_route("DELETE", rule, options)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def patch(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
+        """Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["PATCH"]``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+        return self._method_route("PATCH", rule, options)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def route(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
+        """Decorate a view function to register it with the given URL
+        rule and options. Calls :meth:`add_url_rule`, which has more
+        details about the implementation.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @app.route("/")
+            def index():
+                return "Hello, World!"
+
+        See :ref:`url-route-registrations`.
+
+        The endpoint name for the route defaults to the name of the view
+        function if the ``endpoint`` parameter isn't passed.
+
+        The ``methods`` parameter defaults to ``["GET"]``. ``HEAD`` and
+        ``OPTIONS`` are added automatically.
+
+        :param rule: The URL rule string.
+        :param options: Extra options passed to the
+            :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_route) -> T_route:
+            endpoint = options.pop("endpoint", None)
+            self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_url_rule(
+        self,
+        rule: str,
+        endpoint: str | None = None,
+        view_func: ft.RouteCallable | None = None,
+        provide_automatic_options: bool | None = None,
+        **options: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Register a rule for routing incoming requests and building
+        URLs. The :meth:`route` decorator is a shortcut to call this
+        with the ``view_func`` argument. These are equivalent:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @app.route("/")
+            def index():
+                ...
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            def index():
+                ...
+
+            app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=index)
+
+        See :ref:`url-route-registrations`.
+
+        The endpoint name for the route defaults to the name of the view
+        function if the ``endpoint`` parameter isn't passed. An error
+        will be raised if a function has already been registered for the
+        endpoint.
+
+        The ``methods`` parameter defaults to ``["GET"]``. ``HEAD`` is
+        always added automatically, and ``OPTIONS`` is added
+        automatically by default.
+
+        ``view_func`` does not necessarily need to be passed, but if the
+        rule should participate in routing an endpoint name must be
+        associated with a view function at some point with the
+        :meth:`endpoint` decorator.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            app.add_url_rule("/", endpoint="index")
+
+            @app.endpoint("index")
+            def index():
+                ...
+
+        If ``view_func`` has a ``required_methods`` attribute, those
+        methods are added to the passed and automatic methods. If it
+        has a ``provide_automatic_methods`` attribute, it is used as the
+        default if the parameter is not passed.
+
+        :param rule: The URL rule string.
+        :param endpoint: The endpoint name to associate with the rule
+            and view function. Used when routing and building URLs.
+            Defaults to ``view_func.__name__``.
+        :param view_func: The view function to associate with the
+            endpoint name.
+        :param provide_automatic_options: Add the ``OPTIONS`` method and
+            respond to ``OPTIONS`` requests automatically.
+        :param options: Extra options passed to the
+            :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def endpoint(self, endpoint: str) -> t.Callable[[F], F]:
+        """Decorate a view function to register it for the given
+        endpoint. Used if a rule is added without a ``view_func`` with
+        :meth:`add_url_rule`.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            app.add_url_rule("/ex", endpoint="example")
+
+            @app.endpoint("example")
+            def example():
+                ...
+
+        :param endpoint: The endpoint name to associate with the view
+            function.
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: F) -> F:
+            self.view_functions[endpoint] = f
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def before_request(self, f: T_before_request) -> T_before_request:
+        """Register a function to run before each request.
+
+        For example, this can be used to open a database connection, or
+        to load the logged in user from the session.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @app.before_request
+            def load_user():
+                if "user_id" in session:
+                    g.user = db.session.get(session["user_id"])
+
+        The function will be called without any arguments. If it returns
+        a non-``None`` value, the value is handled as if it was the
+        return value from the view, and further request handling is
+        stopped.
+
+        This is available on both app and blueprint objects. When used on an app, this
+        executes before every request. When used on a blueprint, this executes before
+        every request that the blueprint handles. To register with a blueprint and
+        execute before every request, use :meth:`.Blueprint.before_app_request`.
+        """
+        self.before_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def after_request(self, f: T_after_request) -> T_after_request:
+        """Register a function to run after each request to this object.
+
+        The function is called with the response object, and must return
+        a response object. This allows the functions to modify or
+        replace the response before it is sent.
+
+        If a function raises an exception, any remaining
+        ``after_request`` functions will not be called. Therefore, this
+        should not be used for actions that must execute, such as to
+        close resources. Use :meth:`teardown_request` for that.
+
+        This is available on both app and blueprint objects. When used on an app, this
+        executes after every request. When used on a blueprint, this executes after
+        every request that the blueprint handles. To register with a blueprint and
+        execute after every request, use :meth:`.Blueprint.after_app_request`.
+        """
+        self.after_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def teardown_request(self, f: T_teardown) -> T_teardown:
+        """Register a function to be called when the request context is
+        popped. Typically this happens at the end of each request, but
+        contexts may be pushed manually as well during testing.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            with app.test_request_context():
+                ...
+
+        When the ``with`` block exits (or ``ctx.pop()`` is called), the
+        teardown functions are called just before the request context is
+        made inactive.
+
+        When a teardown function was called because of an unhandled
+        exception it will be passed an error object. If an
+        :meth:`errorhandler` is registered, it will handle the exception
+        and the teardown will not receive it.
+
+        Teardown functions must avoid raising exceptions. If they
+        execute code that might fail they must surround that code with a
+        ``try``/``except`` block and log any errors.
+
+        The return values of teardown functions are ignored.
+
+        This is available on both app and blueprint objects. When used on an app, this
+        executes after every request. When used on a blueprint, this executes after
+        every request that the blueprint handles. To register with a blueprint and
+        execute after every request, use :meth:`.Blueprint.teardown_app_request`.
+        """
+        self.teardown_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def context_processor(
+        self,
+        f: T_template_context_processor,
+    ) -> T_template_context_processor:
+        """Registers a template context processor function. These functions run before
+        rendering a template. The keys of the returned dict are added as variables
+        available in the template.
+
+        This is available on both app and blueprint objects. When used on an app, this
+        is called for every rendered template. When used on a blueprint, this is called
+        for templates rendered from the blueprint's views. To register with a blueprint
+        and affect every template, use :meth:`.Blueprint.app_context_processor`.
+        """
+        self.template_context_processors[None].append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def url_value_preprocessor(
+        self,
+        f: T_url_value_preprocessor,
+    ) -> T_url_value_preprocessor:
+        """Register a URL value preprocessor function for all view
+        functions in the application. These functions will be called before the
+        :meth:`before_request` functions.
+
+        The function can modify the values captured from the matched url before
+        they are passed to the view. For example, this can be used to pop a
+        common language code value and place it in ``g`` rather than pass it to
+        every view.
+
+        The function is passed the endpoint name and values dict. The return
+        value is ignored.
+
+        This is available on both app and blueprint objects. When used on an app, this
+        is called for every request. When used on a blueprint, this is called for
+        requests that the blueprint handles. To register with a blueprint and affect
+        every request, use :meth:`.Blueprint.app_url_value_preprocessor`.
+        """
+        self.url_value_preprocessors[None].append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def url_defaults(self, f: T_url_defaults) -> T_url_defaults:
+        """Callback function for URL defaults for all view functions of the
+        application.  It's called with the endpoint and values and should
+        update the values passed in place.
+
+        This is available on both app and blueprint objects. When used on an app, this
+        is called for every request. When used on a blueprint, this is called for
+        requests that the blueprint handles. To register with a blueprint and affect
+        every request, use :meth:`.Blueprint.app_url_defaults`.
+        """
+        self.url_default_functions[None].append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def errorhandler(
+        self, code_or_exception: type[Exception] | int
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_error_handler], T_error_handler]:
+        """Register a function to handle errors by code or exception class.
+
+        A decorator that is used to register a function given an
+        error code.  Example::
+
+            @app.errorhandler(404)
+            def page_not_found(error):
+                return 'This page does not exist', 404
+
+        You can also register handlers for arbitrary exceptions::
+
+            @app.errorhandler(DatabaseError)
+            def special_exception_handler(error):
+                return 'Database connection failed', 500
+
+        This is available on both app and blueprint objects. When used on an app, this
+        can handle errors from every request. When used on a blueprint, this can handle
+        errors from requests that the blueprint handles. To register with a blueprint
+        and affect every request, use :meth:`.Blueprint.app_errorhandler`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+            Use :meth:`register_error_handler` instead of modifying
+            :attr:`error_handler_spec` directly, for application wide error
+            handlers.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+           One can now additionally also register custom exception types
+           that do not necessarily have to be a subclass of the
+           :class:`~werkzeug.exceptions.HTTPException` class.
+
+        :param code_or_exception: the code as integer for the handler, or
+                                  an arbitrary exception
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: T_error_handler) -> T_error_handler:
+            self.register_error_handler(code_or_exception, f)
+            return f
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def register_error_handler(
+        self,
+        code_or_exception: type[Exception] | int,
+        f: ft.ErrorHandlerCallable,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Alternative error attach function to the :meth:`errorhandler`
+        decorator that is more straightforward to use for non decorator
+        usage.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        exc_class, code = self._get_exc_class_and_code(code_or_exception)
+        self.error_handler_spec[None][code][exc_class] = f
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_exc_class_and_code(
+        exc_class_or_code: type[Exception] | int,
+    ) -> tuple[type[Exception], int | None]:
+        """Get the exception class being handled. For HTTP status codes
+        or ``HTTPException`` subclasses, return both the exception and
+        status code.
+
+        :param exc_class_or_code: Any exception class, or an HTTP status
+            code as an integer.
+        """
+        exc_class: type[Exception]
+
+        if isinstance(exc_class_or_code, int):
+            try:
+                exc_class = default_exceptions[exc_class_or_code]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"'{exc_class_or_code}' is not a recognized HTTP"
+                    " error code. Use a subclass of HTTPException with"
+                    " that code instead."
+                ) from None
+        else:
+            exc_class = exc_class_or_code
+
+        if isinstance(exc_class, Exception):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{exc_class!r} is an instance, not a class. Handlers"
+                " can only be registered for Exception classes or HTTP"
+                " error codes."
+            )
+
+        if not issubclass(exc_class, Exception):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"'{exc_class.__name__}' is not a subclass of Exception."
+                " Handlers can only be registered for Exception classes"
+                " or HTTP error codes."
+            )
+
+        if issubclass(exc_class, HTTPException):
+            return exc_class, exc_class.code
+        else:
+            return exc_class, None
+
+
+def _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func: ft.RouteCallable) -> str:
+    """Internal helper that returns the default endpoint for a given
+    function.  This always is the function name.
+    """
+    assert view_func is not None, "expected view func if endpoint is not provided."
+    return view_func.__name__
+
+
+def _path_is_relative_to(path: pathlib.PurePath, base: str) -> bool:
+    # Path.is_relative_to doesn't exist until Python 3.9
+    try:
+        path.relative_to(base)
+        return True
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+
+def _find_package_path(import_name: str) -> str:
+    """Find the path that contains the package or module."""
+    root_mod_name, _, _ = import_name.partition(".")
+
+    try:
+        root_spec = importlib.util.find_spec(root_mod_name)
+
+        if root_spec is None:
+            raise ValueError("not found")
+    except (ImportError, ValueError):
+        # ImportError: the machinery told us it does not exist
+        # ValueError:
+        #    - the module name was invalid
+        #    - the module name is __main__
+        #    - we raised `ValueError` due to `root_spec` being `None`
+        return os.getcwd()
+
+    if root_spec.submodule_search_locations:
+        if root_spec.origin is None or root_spec.origin == "namespace":
+            # namespace package
+            package_spec = importlib.util.find_spec(import_name)
+
+            if package_spec is not None and package_spec.submodule_search_locations:
+                # Pick the path in the namespace that contains the submodule.
+                package_path = pathlib.Path(
+                    os.path.commonpath(package_spec.submodule_search_locations)
+                )
+                search_location = next(
+                    location
+                    for location in root_spec.submodule_search_locations
+                    if _path_is_relative_to(package_path, location)
+                )
+            else:
+                # Pick the first path.
+                search_location = root_spec.submodule_search_locations[0]
+
+            return os.path.dirname(search_location)
+        else:
+            # package with __init__.py
+            return os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(root_spec.origin))
+    else:
+        # module
+        return os.path.dirname(root_spec.origin)  # type: ignore[type-var, return-value]
+
+
+def find_package(import_name: str) -> tuple[str | None, str]:
+    """Find the prefix that a package is installed under, and the path
+    that it would be imported from.
+
+    The prefix is the directory containing the standard directory
+    hierarchy (lib, bin, etc.). If the package is not installed to the
+    system (:attr:`sys.prefix`) or a virtualenv (``site-packages``),
+    ``None`` is returned.
+
+    The path is the entry in :attr:`sys.path` that contains the package
+    for import. If the package is not installed, it's assumed that the
+    package was imported from the current working directory.
+    """
+    package_path = _find_package_path(import_name)
+    py_prefix = os.path.abspath(sys.prefix)
+
+    # installed to the system
+    if _path_is_relative_to(pathlib.PurePath(package_path), py_prefix):
+        return py_prefix, package_path
+
+    site_parent, site_folder = os.path.split(package_path)
+
+    # installed to a virtualenv
+    if site_folder.lower() == "site-packages":
+        parent, folder = os.path.split(site_parent)
+
+        # Windows (prefix/lib/site-packages)
+        if folder.lower() == "lib":
+            return parent, package_path
+
+        # Unix (prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages)
+        if os.path.basename(parent).lower() == "lib":
+            return os.path.dirname(parent), package_path
+
+        # something else (prefix/site-packages)
+        return site_parent, package_path
+
+    # not installed
+    return None, package_path