add code for analysis of data

9 files changed, 2010 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/__init__.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/__init__.py
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/dataframe.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/dataframe.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f03c763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/dataframe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
+
+import dask.dataframe as dd
+import pandas as pd
+
+from narwhals._dask.utils import add_row_index, evaluate_exprs
+from narwhals._pandas_like.utils import native_to_narwhals_dtype, select_columns_by_name
+from narwhals._utils import (
+    Implementation,
+    _remap_full_join_keys,
+    check_column_names_are_unique,
+    generate_temporary_column_name,
+    not_implemented,
+    parse_columns_to_drop,
+    parse_version,
+    validate_backend_version,
+)
+from narwhals.typing import CompliantLazyFrame
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from types import ModuleType
+
+    import dask.dataframe.dask_expr as dx
+    from typing_extensions import Self, TypeIs
+
+    from narwhals._compliant.typing import CompliantDataFrameAny
+    from narwhals._dask.expr import DaskExpr
+    from narwhals._dask.group_by import DaskLazyGroupBy
+    from narwhals._dask.namespace import DaskNamespace
+    from narwhals._utils import Version, _FullContext
+    from narwhals.dataframe import LazyFrame
+    from narwhals.dtypes import DType
+    from narwhals.typing import AsofJoinStrategy, JoinStrategy, LazyUniqueKeepStrategy
+
+
+class DaskLazyFrame(
+    CompliantLazyFrame["DaskExpr", "dd.DataFrame", "LazyFrame[dd.DataFrame]"]
+):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        native_dataframe: dd.DataFrame,
+        *,
+        backend_version: tuple[int, ...],
+        version: Version,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._native_frame: dd.DataFrame = native_dataframe
+        self._backend_version = backend_version
+        self._implementation = Implementation.DASK
+        self._version = version
+        self._cached_schema: dict[str, DType] | None = None
+        self._cached_columns: list[str] | None = None
+        validate_backend_version(self._implementation, self._backend_version)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_native(obj: dd.DataFrame | Any) -> TypeIs[dd.DataFrame]:
+        return isinstance(obj, dd.DataFrame)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_native(cls, data: dd.DataFrame, /, *, context: _FullContext) -> Self:
+        return cls(
+            data, backend_version=context._backend_version, version=context._version
+        )
+
+    def to_narwhals(self) -> LazyFrame[dd.DataFrame]:
+        return self._version.lazyframe(self, level="lazy")
+
+    def __native_namespace__(self) -> ModuleType:
+        if self._implementation is Implementation.DASK:
+            return self._implementation.to_native_namespace()
+
+        msg = f"Expected dask, got: {type(self._implementation)}"  # pragma: no cover
+        raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+    def __narwhals_namespace__(self) -> DaskNamespace:
+        from narwhals._dask.namespace import DaskNamespace
+
+        return DaskNamespace(backend_version=self._backend_version, version=self._version)
+
+    def __narwhals_lazyframe__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def _with_version(self, version: Version) -> Self:
+        return self.__class__(
+            self.native, backend_version=self._backend_version, version=version
+        )
+
+    def _with_native(self, df: Any) -> Self:
+        return self.__class__(
+            df, backend_version=self._backend_version, version=self._version
+        )
+
+    def _iter_columns(self) -> Iterator[dx.Series]:
+        for _col, ser in self.native.items():  # noqa: PERF102
+            yield ser
+
+    def with_columns(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> Self:
+        new_series = evaluate_exprs(self, *exprs)
+        return self._with_native(self.native.assign(**dict(new_series)))
+
+    def collect(
+        self, backend: Implementation | None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> CompliantDataFrameAny:
+        result = self.native.compute(**kwargs)
+
+        if backend is None or backend is Implementation.PANDAS:
+            from narwhals._pandas_like.dataframe import PandasLikeDataFrame
+
+            return PandasLikeDataFrame(
+                result,
+                implementation=Implementation.PANDAS,
+                backend_version=parse_version(pd),
+                version=self._version,
+                validate_column_names=True,
+            )
+
+        if backend is Implementation.POLARS:
+            import polars as pl  # ignore-banned-import
+
+            from narwhals._polars.dataframe import PolarsDataFrame
+
+            return PolarsDataFrame(
+                pl.from_pandas(result),
+                backend_version=parse_version(pl),
+                version=self._version,
+            )
+
+        if backend is Implementation.PYARROW:
+            import pyarrow as pa  # ignore-banned-import
+
+            from narwhals._arrow.dataframe import ArrowDataFrame
+
+            return ArrowDataFrame(
+                pa.Table.from_pandas(result),
+                backend_version=parse_version(pa),
+                version=self._version,
+                validate_column_names=True,
+            )
+
+        msg = f"Unsupported `backend` value: {backend}"  # pragma: no cover
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # pragma: no cover
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self) -> list[str]:
+        if self._cached_columns is None:
+            self._cached_columns = (
+                list(self.schema)
+                if self._cached_schema is not None
+                else self.native.columns.tolist()
+            )
+        return self._cached_columns
+
+    def filter(self, predicate: DaskExpr) -> Self:
+        # `[0]` is safe as the predicate's expression only returns a single column
+        mask = predicate(self)[0]
+        return self._with_native(self.native.loc[mask])
+
+    def simple_select(self, *column_names: str) -> Self:
+        native = select_columns_by_name(
+            self.native, list(column_names), self._backend_version, self._implementation
+        )
+        return self._with_native(native)
+
+    def aggregate(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> Self:
+        new_series = evaluate_exprs(self, *exprs)
+        df = dd.concat([val.rename(name) for name, val in new_series], axis=1)
+        return self._with_native(df)
+
+    def select(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> Self:
+        new_series = evaluate_exprs(self, *exprs)
+        df = select_columns_by_name(
+            self.native.assign(**dict(new_series)),
+            [s[0] for s in new_series],
+            self._backend_version,
+            self._implementation,
+        )
+        return self._with_native(df)
+
+    def drop_nulls(self, subset: Sequence[str] | None) -> Self:
+        if subset is None:
+            return self._with_native(self.native.dropna())
+        plx = self.__narwhals_namespace__()
+        return self.filter(~plx.any_horizontal(plx.col(*subset).is_null()))
+
+    @property
+    def schema(self) -> dict[str, DType]:
+        if self._cached_schema is None:
+            native_dtypes = self.native.dtypes
+            self._cached_schema = {
+                col: native_to_narwhals_dtype(
+                    native_dtypes[col], self._version, self._implementation
+                )
+                for col in self.native.columns
+            }
+        return self._cached_schema
+
+    def collect_schema(self) -> dict[str, DType]:
+        return self.schema
+
+    def drop(self, columns: Sequence[str], *, strict: bool) -> Self:
+        to_drop = parse_columns_to_drop(self, columns, strict=strict)
+
+        return self._with_native(self.native.drop(columns=to_drop))
+
+    def with_row_index(self, name: str) -> Self:
+        # Implementation is based on the following StackOverflow reply:
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60831518/in-dask-how-does-one-add-a-range-of-integersauto-increment-to-a-new-column/60852409#60852409
+        return self._with_native(
+            add_row_index(self.native, name, self._backend_version, self._implementation)
+        )
+
+    def rename(self, mapping: Mapping[str, str]) -> Self:
+        return self._with_native(self.native.rename(columns=mapping))
+
+    def head(self, n: int) -> Self:
+        return self._with_native(self.native.head(n=n, compute=False, npartitions=-1))
+
+    def unique(
+        self, subset: Sequence[str] | None, *, keep: LazyUniqueKeepStrategy
+    ) -> Self:
+        if subset and (error := self._check_columns_exist(subset)):
+            raise error
+        if keep == "none":
+            subset = subset or self.columns
+            token = generate_temporary_column_name(n_bytes=8, columns=subset)
+            ser = self.native.groupby(subset).size().rename(token)
+            ser = ser[ser == 1]
+            unique = ser.reset_index().drop(columns=token)
+            result = self.native.merge(unique, on=subset, how="inner")
+        else:
+            mapped_keep = {"any": "first"}.get(keep, keep)
+            result = self.native.drop_duplicates(subset=subset, keep=mapped_keep)
+        return self._with_native(result)
+
+    def sort(self, *by: str, descending: bool | Sequence[bool], nulls_last: bool) -> Self:
+        if isinstance(descending, bool):
+            ascending: bool | list[bool] = not descending
+        else:
+            ascending = [not d for d in descending]
+        position = "last" if nulls_last else "first"
+        return self._with_native(
+            self.native.sort_values(list(by), ascending=ascending, na_position=position)
+        )
+
+    def join(  # noqa: C901
+        self,
+        other: Self,
+        *,
+        how: JoinStrategy,
+        left_on: Sequence[str] | None,
+        right_on: Sequence[str] | None,
+        suffix: str,
+    ) -> Self:
+        if how == "cross":
+            key_token = generate_temporary_column_name(
+                n_bytes=8, columns=[*self.columns, *other.columns]
+            )
+
+            return self._with_native(
+                self.native.assign(**{key_token: 0})
+                .merge(
+                    other.native.assign(**{key_token: 0}),
+                    how="inner",
+                    left_on=key_token,
+                    right_on=key_token,
+                    suffixes=("", suffix),
+                )
+                .drop(columns=key_token)
+            )
+
+        if how == "anti":
+            indicator_token = generate_temporary_column_name(
+                n_bytes=8, columns=[*self.columns, *other.columns]
+            )
+
+            if right_on is None:  # pragma: no cover
+                msg = "`right_on` cannot be `None` in anti-join"
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+            other_native = (
+                select_columns_by_name(
+                    other.native,
+                    list(right_on),
+                    self._backend_version,
+                    self._implementation,
+                )
+                .rename(  # rename to avoid creating extra columns in join
+                    columns=dict(zip(right_on, left_on))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                )
+                .drop_duplicates()
+            )
+            df = self.native.merge(
+                other_native,
+                how="outer",
+                indicator=indicator_token,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+                left_on=left_on,
+                right_on=left_on,
+            )
+            return self._with_native(
+                df[df[indicator_token] == "left_only"].drop(columns=[indicator_token])
+            )
+
+        if how == "semi":
+            if right_on is None:  # pragma: no cover
+                msg = "`right_on` cannot be `None` in semi-join"
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+            other_native = (
+                select_columns_by_name(
+                    other.native,
+                    list(right_on),
+                    self._backend_version,
+                    self._implementation,
+                )
+                .rename(  # rename to avoid creating extra columns in join
+                    columns=dict(zip(right_on, left_on))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                )
+                .drop_duplicates()  # avoids potential rows duplication from inner join
+            )
+            return self._with_native(
+                self.native.merge(
+                    other_native, how="inner", left_on=left_on, right_on=left_on
+                )
+            )
+
+        if how == "left":
+            result_native = self.native.merge(
+                other.native,
+                how="left",
+                left_on=left_on,
+                right_on=right_on,
+                suffixes=("", suffix),
+            )
+            extra = []
+            for left_key, right_key in zip(left_on, right_on):  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                if right_key != left_key and right_key not in self.columns:
+                    extra.append(right_key)
+                elif right_key != left_key:
+                    extra.append(f"{right_key}_right")
+            return self._with_native(result_native.drop(columns=extra))
+
+        if how == "full":
+            # dask does not retain keys post-join
+            # we must append the suffix to each key before-hand
+
+            # help mypy
+            assert left_on is not None  # noqa: S101
+            assert right_on is not None  # noqa: S101
+
+            right_on_mapper = _remap_full_join_keys(left_on, right_on, suffix)
+            other_native = other.native.rename(columns=right_on_mapper)
+            check_column_names_are_unique(other_native.columns)
+            right_on = list(right_on_mapper.values())  # we now have the suffixed keys
+            return self._with_native(
+                self.native.merge(
+                    other_native,
+                    left_on=left_on,
+                    right_on=right_on,
+                    how="outer",
+                    suffixes=("", suffix),
+                )
+            )
+
+        return self._with_native(
+            self.native.merge(
+                other.native,
+                left_on=left_on,
+                right_on=right_on,
+                how=how,
+                suffixes=("", suffix),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def join_asof(
+        self,
+        other: Self,
+        *,
+        left_on: str,
+        right_on: str,
+        by_left: Sequence[str] | None,
+        by_right: Sequence[str] | None,
+        strategy: AsofJoinStrategy,
+        suffix: str,
+    ) -> Self:
+        plx = self.__native_namespace__()
+        return self._with_native(
+            plx.merge_asof(
+                self.native,
+                other.native,
+                left_on=left_on,
+                right_on=right_on,
+                left_by=by_left,
+                right_by=by_right,
+                direction=strategy,
+                suffixes=("", suffix),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def group_by(
+        self, keys: Sequence[str] | Sequence[DaskExpr], *, drop_null_keys: bool
+    ) -> DaskLazyGroupBy:
+        from narwhals._dask.group_by import DaskLazyGroupBy
+
+        return DaskLazyGroupBy(self, keys, drop_null_keys=drop_null_keys)
+
+    def tail(self, n: int) -> Self:  # pragma: no cover
+        native_frame = self.native
+        n_partitions = native_frame.npartitions
+
+        if n_partitions == 1:
+            return self._with_native(self.native.tail(n=n, compute=False))
+        else:
+            msg = "`LazyFrame.tail` is not supported for Dask backend with multiple partitions."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def gather_every(self, n: int, offset: int) -> Self:
+        row_index_token = generate_temporary_column_name(n_bytes=8, columns=self.columns)
+        plx = self.__narwhals_namespace__()
+        return (
+            self.with_row_index(row_index_token)
+            .filter(
+                (plx.col(row_index_token) >= offset)
+                & ((plx.col(row_index_token) - offset) % n == 0)
+            )
+            .drop([row_index_token], strict=False)
+        )
+
+    def unpivot(
+        self,
+        on: Sequence[str] | None,
+        index: Sequence[str] | None,
+        variable_name: str,
+        value_name: str,
+    ) -> Self:
+        return self._with_native(
+            self.native.melt(
+                id_vars=index,
+                value_vars=on,
+                var_name=variable_name,
+                value_name=value_name,
+            )
+        )
+
+    explode = not_implemented()
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa51997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal, Sequence
+
+from narwhals._compliant import LazyExpr
+from narwhals._compliant.expr import DepthTrackingExpr
+from narwhals._dask.expr_dt import DaskExprDateTimeNamespace
+from narwhals._dask.expr_str import DaskExprStringNamespace
+from narwhals._dask.utils import (
+    add_row_index,
+    maybe_evaluate_expr,
+    narwhals_to_native_dtype,
+)
+from narwhals._expression_parsing import ExprKind, evaluate_output_names_and_aliases
+from narwhals._pandas_like.utils import native_to_narwhals_dtype
+from narwhals._utils import (
+    Implementation,
+    generate_temporary_column_name,
+    not_implemented,
+)
+from narwhals.exceptions import InvalidOperationError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import dask.dataframe.dask_expr as dx
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+    from narwhals._compliant.typing import AliasNames, EvalNames, EvalSeries, ScalarKwargs
+    from narwhals._dask.dataframe import DaskLazyFrame
+    from narwhals._dask.namespace import DaskNamespace
+    from narwhals._expression_parsing import ExprKind, ExprMetadata
+    from narwhals._utils import Version, _FullContext
+    from narwhals.typing import (
+        FillNullStrategy,
+        IntoDType,
+        NonNestedLiteral,
+        NumericLiteral,
+        RollingInterpolationMethod,
+        TemporalLiteral,
+    )
+
+
+class DaskExpr(
+    LazyExpr["DaskLazyFrame", "dx.Series"],
+    DepthTrackingExpr["DaskLazyFrame", "dx.Series"],
+):
+    _implementation: Implementation = Implementation.DASK
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        call: EvalSeries[DaskLazyFrame, dx.Series],
+        *,
+        depth: int,
+        function_name: str,
+        evaluate_output_names: EvalNames[DaskLazyFrame],
+        alias_output_names: AliasNames | None,
+        backend_version: tuple[int, ...],
+        version: Version,
+        scalar_kwargs: ScalarKwargs | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._call = call
+        self._depth = depth
+        self._function_name = function_name
+        self._evaluate_output_names = evaluate_output_names
+        self._alias_output_names = alias_output_names
+        self._backend_version = backend_version
+        self._version = version
+        self._scalar_kwargs = scalar_kwargs or {}
+        self._metadata: ExprMetadata | None = None
+
+    def __call__(self, df: DaskLazyFrame) -> Sequence[dx.Series]:
+        return self._call(df)
+
+    def __narwhals_expr__(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def __narwhals_namespace__(self) -> DaskNamespace:  # pragma: no cover
+        # Unused, just for compatibility with PandasLikeExpr
+        from narwhals._dask.namespace import DaskNamespace
+
+        return DaskNamespace(backend_version=self._backend_version, version=self._version)
+
+    def broadcast(self, kind: Literal[ExprKind.AGGREGATION, ExprKind.LITERAL]) -> Self:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            # result.loc[0][0] is a workaround for dask~<=2024.10.0/dask_expr~<=1.1.16
+            #   that raised a KeyErrror for result[0] during collection.
+            return [result.loc[0][0] for result in self(df)]
+
+        return self.__class__(
+            func,
+            depth=self._depth,
+            function_name=self._function_name,
+            evaluate_output_names=self._evaluate_output_names,
+            alias_output_names=self._alias_output_names,
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+            scalar_kwargs=self._scalar_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_column_names(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        evaluate_column_names: EvalNames[DaskLazyFrame],
+        /,
+        *,
+        context: _FullContext,
+        function_name: str = "",
+    ) -> Self:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            try:
+                return [
+                    df._native_frame[column_name]
+                    for column_name in evaluate_column_names(df)
+                ]
+            except KeyError as e:
+                if error := df._check_columns_exist(evaluate_column_names(df)):
+                    raise error from e
+                raise
+
+        return cls(
+            func,
+            depth=0,
+            function_name=function_name,
+            evaluate_output_names=evaluate_column_names,
+            alias_output_names=None,
+            backend_version=context._backend_version,
+            version=context._version,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_column_indices(cls, *column_indices: int, context: _FullContext) -> Self:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            return [df.native.iloc[:, i] for i in column_indices]
+
+        return cls(
+            func,
+            depth=0,
+            function_name="nth",
+            evaluate_output_names=cls._eval_names_indices(column_indices),
+            alias_output_names=None,
+            backend_version=context._backend_version,
+            version=context._version,
+        )
+
+    def _with_callable(
+        self,
+        # First argument to `call` should be `dx.Series`
+        call: Callable[..., dx.Series],
+        /,
+        expr_name: str = "",
+        scalar_kwargs: ScalarKwargs | None = None,
+        **expressifiable_args: Self | Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            native_results: list[dx.Series] = []
+            native_series_list = self._call(df)
+            other_native_series = {
+                key: maybe_evaluate_expr(df, value)
+                for key, value in expressifiable_args.items()
+            }
+            for native_series in native_series_list:
+                result_native = call(native_series, **other_native_series)
+                native_results.append(result_native)
+            return native_results
+
+        return self.__class__(
+            func,
+            depth=self._depth + 1,
+            function_name=f"{self._function_name}->{expr_name}",
+            evaluate_output_names=self._evaluate_output_names,
+            alias_output_names=self._alias_output_names,
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+            scalar_kwargs=scalar_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _with_alias_output_names(self, func: AliasNames | None, /) -> Self:
+        return type(self)(
+            call=self._call,
+            depth=self._depth,
+            function_name=self._function_name,
+            evaluate_output_names=self._evaluate_output_names,
+            alias_output_names=func,
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+            scalar_kwargs=self._scalar_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__add__(other), "__add__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__sub__(other), "__sub__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: other - expr, "__rsub__", other=other
+        ).alias("literal")
+
+    def __mul__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__mul__(other), "__mul__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__truediv__(other), "__truediv__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: other / expr, "__rtruediv__", other=other
+        ).alias("literal")
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__floordiv__(other), "__floordiv__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: other // expr, "__rfloordiv__", other=other
+        ).alias("literal")
+
+    def __pow__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__pow__(other), "__pow__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __rpow__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: other**expr, "__rpow__", other=other
+        ).alias("literal")
+
+    def __mod__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__mod__(other), "__mod__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __rmod__(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: other % expr, "__rmod__", other=other
+        ).alias("literal")
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: DaskExpr) -> Self:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__eq__(other), "__eq__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: DaskExpr) -> Self:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__ne__(other), "__ne__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: DaskExpr | Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__ge__(other), "__ge__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: DaskExpr) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__gt__(other), "__gt__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __le__(self, other: DaskExpr) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__le__(other), "__le__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: DaskExpr) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__lt__(other), "__lt__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __and__(self, other: DaskExpr | Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__and__(other), "__and__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __or__(self, other: DaskExpr) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, other: expr.__or__(other), "__or__", other=other
+        )
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.__invert__(), "__invert__")
+
+    def mean(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.mean().to_series(), "mean")
+
+    def median(self) -> Self:
+        from narwhals.exceptions import InvalidOperationError
+
+        def func(s: dx.Series) -> dx.Series:
+            dtype = native_to_narwhals_dtype(s.dtype, self._version, Implementation.DASK)
+            if not dtype.is_numeric():
+                msg = "`median` operation not supported for non-numeric input type."
+                raise InvalidOperationError(msg)
+            return s.median_approximate().to_series()
+
+        return self._with_callable(func, "median")
+
+    def min(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.min().to_series(), "min")
+
+    def max(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.max().to_series(), "max")
+
+    def std(self, ddof: int) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.std(ddof=ddof).to_series(),
+            "std",
+            scalar_kwargs={"ddof": ddof},
+        )
+
+    def var(self, ddof: int) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.var(ddof=ddof).to_series(),
+            "var",
+            scalar_kwargs={"ddof": ddof},
+        )
+
+    def skew(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.skew().to_series(), "skew")
+
+    def shift(self, n: int) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.shift(n), "shift")
+
+    def cum_sum(self, *, reverse: bool) -> Self:
+        if reverse:  # pragma: no cover
+            # https://github.com/dask/dask/issues/11802
+            msg = "`cum_sum(reverse=True)` is not supported with Dask backend"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.cumsum(), "cum_sum")
+
+    def cum_count(self, *, reverse: bool) -> Self:
+        if reverse:  # pragma: no cover
+            msg = "`cum_count(reverse=True)` is not supported with Dask backend"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: (~expr.isna()).astype(int).cumsum(), "cum_count"
+        )
+
+    def cum_min(self, *, reverse: bool) -> Self:
+        if reverse:  # pragma: no cover
+            msg = "`cum_min(reverse=True)` is not supported with Dask backend"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.cummin(), "cum_min")
+
+    def cum_max(self, *, reverse: bool) -> Self:
+        if reverse:  # pragma: no cover
+            msg = "`cum_max(reverse=True)` is not supported with Dask backend"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.cummax(), "cum_max")
+
+    def cum_prod(self, *, reverse: bool) -> Self:
+        if reverse:  # pragma: no cover
+            msg = "`cum_prod(reverse=True)` is not supported with Dask backend"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.cumprod(), "cum_prod")
+
+    def rolling_sum(self, window_size: int, *, min_samples: int, center: bool) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.rolling(
+                window=window_size, min_periods=min_samples, center=center
+            ).sum(),
+            "rolling_sum",
+        )
+
+    def rolling_mean(self, window_size: int, *, min_samples: int, center: bool) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.rolling(
+                window=window_size, min_periods=min_samples, center=center
+            ).mean(),
+            "rolling_mean",
+        )
+
+    def rolling_var(
+        self, window_size: int, *, min_samples: int, center: bool, ddof: int
+    ) -> Self:
+        if ddof == 1:
+            return self._with_callable(
+                lambda expr: expr.rolling(
+                    window=window_size, min_periods=min_samples, center=center
+                ).var(),
+                "rolling_var",
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = "Dask backend only supports `ddof=1` for `rolling_var`"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def rolling_std(
+        self, window_size: int, *, min_samples: int, center: bool, ddof: int
+    ) -> Self:
+        if ddof == 1:
+            return self._with_callable(
+                lambda expr: expr.rolling(
+                    window=window_size, min_periods=min_samples, center=center
+                ).std(),
+                "rolling_std",
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = "Dask backend only supports `ddof=1` for `rolling_std`"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def sum(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.sum().to_series(), "sum")
+
+    def count(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.count().to_series(), "count")
+
+    def round(self, decimals: int) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.round(decimals), "round")
+
+    def unique(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.unique(), "unique")
+
+    def drop_nulls(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.dropna(), "drop_nulls")
+
+    def abs(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.abs(), "abs")
+
+    def all(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.all(
+                axis=None, skipna=True, split_every=False, out=None
+            ).to_series(),
+            "all",
+        )
+
+    def any(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.any(axis=0, skipna=True, split_every=False).to_series(),
+            "any",
+        )
+
+    def fill_null(
+        self,
+        value: Self | NonNestedLiteral,
+        strategy: FillNullStrategy | None,
+        limit: int | None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        def func(expr: dx.Series) -> dx.Series:
+            if value is not None:
+                res_ser = expr.fillna(value)
+            else:
+                res_ser = (
+                    expr.ffill(limit=limit)
+                    if strategy == "forward"
+                    else expr.bfill(limit=limit)
+                )
+            return res_ser
+
+        return self._with_callable(func, "fillna")
+
+    def clip(
+        self,
+        lower_bound: Self | NumericLiteral | TemporalLiteral | None,
+        upper_bound: Self | NumericLiteral | TemporalLiteral | None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, lower_bound, upper_bound: expr.clip(
+                lower=lower_bound, upper=upper_bound
+            ),
+            "clip",
+            lower_bound=lower_bound,
+            upper_bound=upper_bound,
+        )
+
+    def diff(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.diff(), "diff")
+
+    def n_unique(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.nunique(dropna=False).to_series(), "n_unique"
+        )
+
+    def is_null(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.isna(), "is_null")
+
+    def is_nan(self) -> Self:
+        def func(expr: dx.Series) -> dx.Series:
+            dtype = native_to_narwhals_dtype(
+                expr.dtype, self._version, self._implementation
+            )
+            if dtype.is_numeric():
+                return expr != expr  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType] # noqa: PLR0124
+            msg = f"`.is_nan` only supported for numeric dtypes and not {dtype}, did you mean `.is_null`?"
+            raise InvalidOperationError(msg)
+
+        return self._with_callable(func, "is_null")
+
+    def len(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.size.to_series(), "len")
+
+    def quantile(
+        self, quantile: float, interpolation: RollingInterpolationMethod
+    ) -> Self:
+        if interpolation == "linear":
+
+            def func(expr: dx.Series, quantile: float) -> dx.Series:
+                if expr.npartitions > 1:
+                    msg = "`Expr.quantile` is not supported for Dask backend with multiple partitions."
+                    raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+                return expr.quantile(
+                    q=quantile, method="dask"
+                ).to_series()  # pragma: no cover
+
+            return self._with_callable(func, "quantile", quantile=quantile)
+        else:
+            msg = "`higher`, `lower`, `midpoint`, `nearest` - interpolation methods are not supported by Dask. Please use `linear` instead."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def is_first_distinct(self) -> Self:
+        def func(expr: dx.Series) -> dx.Series:
+            _name = expr.name
+            col_token = generate_temporary_column_name(n_bytes=8, columns=[_name])
+            frame = add_row_index(
+                expr.to_frame(), col_token, self._backend_version, self._implementation
+            )
+            first_distinct_index = frame.groupby(_name).agg({col_token: "min"})[col_token]
+            return frame[col_token].isin(first_distinct_index)
+
+        return self._with_callable(func, "is_first_distinct")
+
+    def is_last_distinct(self) -> Self:
+        def func(expr: dx.Series) -> dx.Series:
+            _name = expr.name
+            col_token = generate_temporary_column_name(n_bytes=8, columns=[_name])
+            frame = add_row_index(
+                expr.to_frame(), col_token, self._backend_version, self._implementation
+            )
+            last_distinct_index = frame.groupby(_name).agg({col_token: "max"})[col_token]
+            return frame[col_token].isin(last_distinct_index)
+
+        return self._with_callable(func, "is_last_distinct")
+
+    def is_unique(self) -> Self:
+        def func(expr: dx.Series) -> dx.Series:
+            _name = expr.name
+            return (
+                expr.to_frame()
+                .groupby(_name, dropna=False)
+                .transform("size", meta=(_name, int))
+                == 1
+            )
+
+        return self._with_callable(func, "is_unique")
+
+    def is_in(self, other: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.isin(other), "is_in")
+
+    def null_count(self) -> Self:
+        return self._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.isna().sum().to_series(), "null_count"
+        )
+
+    def over(self, partition_by: Sequence[str], order_by: Sequence[str]) -> Self:
+        # pandas is a required dependency of dask so it's safe to import this
+        from narwhals._pandas_like.group_by import PandasLikeGroupBy
+
+        if not partition_by:
+            assert order_by  # noqa: S101
+
+            # This is something like `nw.col('a').cum_sum().order_by(key)`
+            # which we can always easily support, as it doesn't require grouping.
+            def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> Sequence[dx.Series]:
+                return self(df.sort(*order_by, descending=False, nulls_last=False))
+        elif not self._is_elementary():  # pragma: no cover
+            msg = (
+                "Only elementary expressions are supported for `.over` in dask.\n\n"
+                "Please see: "
+                "https://narwhals-dev.github.io/narwhals/concepts/improve_group_by_operation/"
+            )
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+        elif order_by:
+            # Wrong results https://github.com/dask/dask/issues/11806.
+            msg = "`over` with `order_by` is not yet supported in Dask."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+        else:
+            function_name = PandasLikeGroupBy._leaf_name(self)
+            try:
+                dask_function_name = PandasLikeGroupBy._REMAP_AGGS[function_name]
+            except KeyError:
+                # window functions are unsupported: https://github.com/dask/dask/issues/11806
+                msg = (
+                    f"Unsupported function: {function_name} in `over` context.\n\n"
+                    f"Supported functions are {', '.join(PandasLikeGroupBy._REMAP_AGGS)}\n"
+                )
+                raise NotImplementedError(msg) from None
+
+            def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> Sequence[dx.Series]:
+                output_names, aliases = evaluate_output_names_and_aliases(self, df, [])
+
+                with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                    # https://github.com/dask/dask/issues/11804
+                    warnings.filterwarnings(
+                        "ignore",
+                        message=".*`meta` is not specified",
+                        category=UserWarning,
+                    )
+                    grouped = df.native.groupby(partition_by)
+                    if dask_function_name == "size":
+                        if len(output_names) != 1:  # pragma: no cover
+                            msg = "Safety check failed, please report a bug."
+                            raise AssertionError(msg)
+                        res_native = grouped.transform(
+                            dask_function_name, **self._scalar_kwargs
+                        ).to_frame(output_names[0])
+                    else:
+                        res_native = grouped[list(output_names)].transform(
+                            dask_function_name, **self._scalar_kwargs
+                        )
+                result_frame = df._with_native(
+                    res_native.rename(columns=dict(zip(output_names, aliases)))
+                ).native
+                return [result_frame[name] for name in aliases]
+
+        return self.__class__(
+            func,
+            depth=self._depth + 1,
+            function_name=self._function_name + "->over",
+            evaluate_output_names=self._evaluate_output_names,
+            alias_output_names=self._alias_output_names,
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def cast(self, dtype: IntoDType) -> Self:
+        def func(expr: dx.Series) -> dx.Series:
+            native_dtype = narwhals_to_native_dtype(dtype, self._version)
+            return expr.astype(native_dtype)
+
+        return self._with_callable(func, "cast")
+
+    def is_finite(self) -> Self:
+        import dask.array as da
+
+        return self._with_callable(da.isfinite, "is_finite")
+
+    def log(self, base: float) -> Self:
+        import dask.array as da
+
+        def _log(expr: dx.Series) -> dx.Series:
+            return da.log(expr) / da.log(base)
+
+        return self._with_callable(_log, "log")
+
+    def exp(self) -> Self:
+        import dask.array as da
+
+        return self._with_callable(da.exp, "exp")
+
+    @property
+    def str(self) -> DaskExprStringNamespace:
+        return DaskExprStringNamespace(self)
+
+    @property
+    def dt(self) -> DaskExprDateTimeNamespace:
+        return DaskExprDateTimeNamespace(self)
+
+    list = not_implemented()  # pyright: ignore[reportAssignmentType]
+    struct = not_implemented()  # pyright: ignore[reportAssignmentType]
+    rank = not_implemented()  # pyright: ignore[reportAssignmentType]
+    _alias_native = not_implemented()
+    window_function = not_implemented()  # pyright: ignore[reportAssignmentType]
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr_dt.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr_dt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14481a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr_dt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from narwhals._duration import parse_interval_string
+from narwhals._pandas_like.utils import (
+    UNIT_DICT,
+    calculate_timestamp_date,
+    calculate_timestamp_datetime,
+    native_to_narwhals_dtype,
+)
+from narwhals._utils import Implementation
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import dask.dataframe.dask_expr as dx
+
+    from narwhals._dask.expr import DaskExpr
+    from narwhals.typing import TimeUnit
+
+
+class DaskExprDateTimeNamespace:
+    def __init__(self, expr: DaskExpr) -> None:
+        self._compliant_expr = expr
+
+    def date(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.dt.date, "date")
+
+    def year(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.dt.year, "year")
+
+    def month(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.dt.month, "month")
+
+    def day(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.dt.day, "day")
+
+    def hour(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.dt.hour, "hour")
+
+    def minute(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.dt.minute, "minute")
+
+    def second(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.dt.second, "second")
+
+    def millisecond(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.microsecond // 1000, "millisecond"
+        )
+
+    def microsecond(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.microsecond, "microsecond"
+        )
+
+    def nanosecond(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.microsecond * 1000 + expr.dt.nanosecond, "nanosecond"
+        )
+
+    def ordinal_day(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.dayofyear, "ordinal_day"
+        )
+
+    def weekday(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.weekday + 1,  # Dask is 0-6
+            "weekday",
+        )
+
+    def to_string(self, format: str) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, format: expr.dt.strftime(format.replace("%.f", ".%f")),
+            "strftime",
+            format=format,
+        )
+
+    def replace_time_zone(self, time_zone: str | None) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, time_zone: expr.dt.tz_localize(None).dt.tz_localize(time_zone)
+            if time_zone is not None
+            else expr.dt.tz_localize(None),
+            "tz_localize",
+            time_zone=time_zone,
+        )
+
+    def convert_time_zone(self, time_zone: str) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(s: dx.Series, time_zone: str) -> dx.Series:
+            dtype = native_to_narwhals_dtype(
+                s.dtype, self._compliant_expr._version, Implementation.DASK
+            )
+            if dtype.time_zone is None:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                return s.dt.tz_localize("UTC").dt.tz_convert(time_zone)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+            else:
+                return s.dt.tz_convert(time_zone)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            func, "tz_convert", time_zone=time_zone
+        )
+
+    def timestamp(self, time_unit: TimeUnit) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(s: dx.Series, time_unit: TimeUnit) -> dx.Series:
+            dtype = native_to_narwhals_dtype(
+                s.dtype, self._compliant_expr._version, Implementation.DASK
+            )
+            is_pyarrow_dtype = "pyarrow" in str(dtype)
+            mask_na = s.isna()
+            dtypes = self._compliant_expr._version.dtypes
+            if dtype == dtypes.Date:
+                # Date is only supported in pandas dtypes if pyarrow-backed
+                s_cast = s.astype("Int32[pyarrow]")
+                result = calculate_timestamp_date(s_cast, time_unit)
+            elif isinstance(dtype, dtypes.Datetime):
+                original_time_unit = dtype.time_unit
+                s_cast = (
+                    s.astype("Int64[pyarrow]") if is_pyarrow_dtype else s.astype("int64")
+                )
+                result = calculate_timestamp_datetime(
+                    s_cast, original_time_unit, time_unit
+                )
+            else:
+                msg = "Input should be either of Date or Datetime type"
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+            return result.where(~mask_na)  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(func, "datetime", time_unit=time_unit)
+
+    def total_minutes(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.total_seconds() // 60, "total_minutes"
+        )
+
+    def total_seconds(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.total_seconds() // 1, "total_seconds"
+        )
+
+    def total_milliseconds(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.total_seconds() * 1000 // 1, "total_milliseconds"
+        )
+
+    def total_microseconds(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.total_seconds() * 1_000_000 // 1, "total_microseconds"
+        )
+
+    def total_nanoseconds(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.total_seconds() * 1_000_000_000 // 1, "total_nanoseconds"
+        )
+
+    def truncate(self, every: str) -> DaskExpr:
+        multiple, unit = parse_interval_string(every)
+        if unit in {"mo", "q", "y"}:
+            msg = f"Truncating to {unit} is not supported yet for dask."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+        freq = f"{multiple}{UNIT_DICT.get(unit, unit)}"
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.dt.floor(freq), "truncate"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr_str.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr_str.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b770b53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/expr_str.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import dask.dataframe as dd
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from narwhals._dask.expr import DaskExpr
+
+
+class DaskExprStringNamespace:
+    def __init__(self, expr: DaskExpr) -> None:
+        self._compliant_expr = expr
+
+    def len_chars(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.str.len(), "len")
+
+    def replace(self, pattern: str, value: str, *, literal: bool, n: int) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, pattern, value, literal, n: expr.str.replace(
+                pattern, value, regex=not literal, n=n
+            ),
+            "replace",
+            pattern=pattern,
+            value=value,
+            literal=literal,
+            n=n,
+        )
+
+    def replace_all(self, pattern: str, value: str, *, literal: bool) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, pattern, value, literal: expr.str.replace(
+                pattern, value, n=-1, regex=not literal
+            ),
+            "replace",
+            pattern=pattern,
+            value=value,
+            literal=literal,
+        )
+
+    def strip_chars(self, characters: str | None) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, characters: expr.str.strip(characters),
+            "strip",
+            characters=characters,
+        )
+
+    def starts_with(self, prefix: str) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, prefix: expr.str.startswith(prefix), "starts_with", prefix=prefix
+        )
+
+    def ends_with(self, suffix: str) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, suffix: expr.str.endswith(suffix), "ends_with", suffix=suffix
+        )
+
+    def contains(self, pattern: str, *, literal: bool) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, pattern, literal: expr.str.contains(
+                pat=pattern, regex=not literal
+            ),
+            "contains",
+            pattern=pattern,
+            literal=literal,
+        )
+
+    def slice(self, offset: int, length: int | None) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, offset, length: expr.str.slice(
+                start=offset, stop=offset + length if length else None
+            ),
+            "slice",
+            offset=offset,
+            length=length,
+        )
+
+    def split(self, by: str) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, by: expr.str.split(pat=by), "split", by=by
+        )
+
+    def to_datetime(self, format: str | None) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr, format: dd.to_datetime(expr, format=format),
+            "to_datetime",
+            format=format,
+        )
+
+    def to_uppercase(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.str.upper(), "to_uppercase"
+        )
+
+    def to_lowercase(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return self._compliant_expr._with_callable(
+            lambda expr: expr.str.lower(), "to_lowercase"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/group_by.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/group_by.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d71c3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/group_by.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from functools import partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, ClassVar, Mapping, Sequence
+
+import dask.dataframe as dd
+
+from narwhals._compliant import DepthTrackingGroupBy
+from narwhals._expression_parsing import evaluate_output_names_and_aliases
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pandas as pd
+    from dask.dataframe.api import GroupBy as _DaskGroupBy
+    from pandas.core.groupby import SeriesGroupBy as _PandasSeriesGroupBy
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+    from narwhals._compliant.group_by import NarwhalsAggregation
+    from narwhals._dask.dataframe import DaskLazyFrame
+    from narwhals._dask.expr import DaskExpr
+
+    PandasSeriesGroupBy: TypeAlias = _PandasSeriesGroupBy[Any, Any]
+    _AggFn: TypeAlias = Callable[..., Any]
+
+else:
+    try:
+        import dask.dataframe.dask_expr as dx
+    except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+        import dask_expr as dx
+    _DaskGroupBy = dx._groupby.GroupBy
+
+Aggregation: TypeAlias = "str | _AggFn"
+"""The name of an aggregation function, or the function itself."""
+
+
+def n_unique() -> dd.Aggregation:
+    def chunk(s: PandasSeriesGroupBy) -> pd.Series[Any]:
+        return s.nunique(dropna=False)
+
+    def agg(s0: PandasSeriesGroupBy) -> pd.Series[Any]:
+        return s0.sum()
+
+    return dd.Aggregation(name="nunique", chunk=chunk, agg=agg)
+
+
+def var(ddof: int) -> _AggFn:
+    return partial(_DaskGroupBy.var, ddof=ddof)
+
+
+def std(ddof: int) -> _AggFn:
+    return partial(_DaskGroupBy.std, ddof=ddof)
+
+
+class DaskLazyGroupBy(DepthTrackingGroupBy["DaskLazyFrame", "DaskExpr", Aggregation]):
+    _REMAP_AGGS: ClassVar[Mapping[NarwhalsAggregation, Aggregation]] = {
+        "sum": "sum",
+        "mean": "mean",
+        "median": "median",
+        "max": "max",
+        "min": "min",
+        "std": std,
+        "var": var,
+        "len": "size",
+        "n_unique": n_unique,
+        "count": "count",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        df: DaskLazyFrame,
+        keys: Sequence[DaskExpr] | Sequence[str],
+        /,
+        *,
+        drop_null_keys: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._compliant_frame, self._keys, self._output_key_names = self._parse_keys(
+            df, keys=keys
+        )
+        self._grouped = self.compliant.native.groupby(
+            self._keys, dropna=drop_null_keys, observed=True
+        )
+
+    def agg(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> DaskLazyFrame:
+        from narwhals._dask.dataframe import DaskLazyFrame
+
+        if not exprs:
+            # No aggregation provided
+            return (
+                self.compliant.simple_select(*self._keys)
+                .unique(self._keys, keep="any")
+                .rename(dict(zip(self._keys, self._output_key_names)))
+            )
+
+        self._ensure_all_simple(exprs)
+        # This should be the fastpath, but cuDF is too far behind to use it.
+        # - https://github.com/rapidsai/cudf/issues/15118
+        # - https://github.com/rapidsai/cudf/issues/15084
+        simple_aggregations: dict[str, tuple[str, Aggregation]] = {}
+        exclude = (*self._keys, *self._output_key_names)
+        for expr in exprs:
+            output_names, aliases = evaluate_output_names_and_aliases(
+                expr, self.compliant, exclude
+            )
+            if expr._depth == 0:
+                # e.g. `agg(nw.len())`
+                column = self._keys[0]
+                agg_fn = self._remap_expr_name(expr._function_name)
+                simple_aggregations.update(dict.fromkeys(aliases, (column, agg_fn)))
+                continue
+
+            # e.g. `agg(nw.mean('a'))`
+            agg_fn = self._remap_expr_name(self._leaf_name(expr))
+            # deal with n_unique case in a "lazy" mode to not depend on dask globally
+            agg_fn = agg_fn(**expr._scalar_kwargs) if callable(agg_fn) else agg_fn
+            simple_aggregations.update(
+                (alias, (output_name, agg_fn))
+                for alias, output_name in zip(aliases, output_names)
+            )
+        return DaskLazyFrame(
+            self._grouped.agg(**simple_aggregations).reset_index(),
+            backend_version=self.compliant._backend_version,
+            version=self.compliant._version,
+        ).rename(dict(zip(self._keys, self._output_key_names)))
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/namespace.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/namespace.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e0506d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/namespace.py
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from functools import reduce
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, Sequence, cast
+
+import dask.dataframe as dd
+import pandas as pd
+
+from narwhals._compliant import CompliantThen, CompliantWhen, LazyNamespace
+from narwhals._compliant.namespace import DepthTrackingNamespace
+from narwhals._dask.dataframe import DaskLazyFrame
+from narwhals._dask.expr import DaskExpr
+from narwhals._dask.selectors import DaskSelectorNamespace
+from narwhals._dask.utils import (
+    align_series_full_broadcast,
+    narwhals_to_native_dtype,
+    validate_comparand,
+)
+from narwhals._expression_parsing import (
+    ExprKind,
+    combine_alias_output_names,
+    combine_evaluate_output_names,
+)
+from narwhals._utils import Implementation
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import dask.dataframe.dask_expr as dx
+
+    from narwhals._utils import Version
+    from narwhals.typing import ConcatMethod, IntoDType, NonNestedLiteral
+
+
+class DaskNamespace(
+    LazyNamespace[DaskLazyFrame, DaskExpr, dd.DataFrame],
+    DepthTrackingNamespace[DaskLazyFrame, DaskExpr],
+):
+    _implementation: Implementation = Implementation.DASK
+
+    @property
+    def selectors(self) -> DaskSelectorNamespace:
+        return DaskSelectorNamespace.from_namespace(self)
+
+    @property
+    def _expr(self) -> type[DaskExpr]:
+        return DaskExpr
+
+    @property
+    def _lazyframe(self) -> type[DaskLazyFrame]:
+        return DaskLazyFrame
+
+    def __init__(self, *, backend_version: tuple[int, ...], version: Version) -> None:
+        self._backend_version = backend_version
+        self._version = version
+
+    def lit(self, value: NonNestedLiteral, dtype: IntoDType | None) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            if dtype is not None:
+                native_dtype = narwhals_to_native_dtype(dtype, self._version)
+                native_pd_series = pd.Series([value], dtype=native_dtype, name="literal")
+            else:
+                native_pd_series = pd.Series([value], name="literal")
+            npartitions = df._native_frame.npartitions
+            dask_series = dd.from_pandas(native_pd_series, npartitions=npartitions)
+            return [dask_series[0].to_series()]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            func,
+            depth=0,
+            function_name="lit",
+            evaluate_output_names=lambda _df: ["literal"],
+            alias_output_names=None,
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def len(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            # We don't allow dataframes with 0 columns, so `[0]` is safe.
+            return [df._native_frame[df.columns[0]].size.to_series()]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            func,
+            depth=0,
+            function_name="len",
+            evaluate_output_names=lambda _df: ["len"],
+            alias_output_names=None,
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def all_horizontal(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            series = align_series_full_broadcast(
+                df, *(s for _expr in exprs for s in _expr(df))
+            )
+            return [reduce(operator.and_, series)]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            call=func,
+            depth=max(x._depth for x in exprs) + 1,
+            function_name="all_horizontal",
+            evaluate_output_names=combine_evaluate_output_names(*exprs),
+            alias_output_names=combine_alias_output_names(*exprs),
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def any_horizontal(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            series = align_series_full_broadcast(
+                df, *(s for _expr in exprs for s in _expr(df))
+            )
+            return [reduce(operator.or_, series)]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            call=func,
+            depth=max(x._depth for x in exprs) + 1,
+            function_name="any_horizontal",
+            evaluate_output_names=combine_evaluate_output_names(*exprs),
+            alias_output_names=combine_alias_output_names(*exprs),
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def sum_horizontal(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            series = align_series_full_broadcast(
+                df, *(s for _expr in exprs for s in _expr(df))
+            )
+            return [dd.concat(series, axis=1).sum(axis=1)]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            call=func,
+            depth=max(x._depth for x in exprs) + 1,
+            function_name="sum_horizontal",
+            evaluate_output_names=combine_evaluate_output_names(*exprs),
+            alias_output_names=combine_alias_output_names(*exprs),
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def concat(
+        self, items: Iterable[DaskLazyFrame], *, how: ConcatMethod
+    ) -> DaskLazyFrame:
+        if not items:
+            msg = "No items to concatenate"  # pragma: no cover
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+        dfs = [i._native_frame for i in items]
+        cols_0 = dfs[0].columns
+        if how == "vertical":
+            for i, df in enumerate(dfs[1:], start=1):
+                cols_current = df.columns
+                if not (
+                    (len(cols_current) == len(cols_0)) and (cols_current == cols_0).all()
+                ):
+                    msg = (
+                        "unable to vstack, column names don't match:\n"
+                        f"   - dataframe 0: {cols_0.to_list()}\n"
+                        f"   - dataframe {i}: {cols_current.to_list()}\n"
+                    )
+                    raise TypeError(msg)
+            return DaskLazyFrame(
+                dd.concat(dfs, axis=0, join="inner"),
+                backend_version=self._backend_version,
+                version=self._version,
+            )
+        if how == "diagonal":
+            return DaskLazyFrame(
+                dd.concat(dfs, axis=0, join="outer"),
+                backend_version=self._backend_version,
+                version=self._version,
+            )
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def mean_horizontal(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            expr_results = [s for _expr in exprs for s in _expr(df)]
+            series = align_series_full_broadcast(df, *(s.fillna(0) for s in expr_results))
+            non_na = align_series_full_broadcast(
+                df, *(1 - s.isna() for s in expr_results)
+            )
+            num = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, series)  # pyright: ignore[reportOperatorIssue]
+            den = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, non_na)  # pyright: ignore[reportOperatorIssue]
+            return [cast("dx.Series", num / den)]  # pyright: ignore[reportOperatorIssue]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            call=func,
+            depth=max(x._depth for x in exprs) + 1,
+            function_name="mean_horizontal",
+            evaluate_output_names=combine_evaluate_output_names(*exprs),
+            alias_output_names=combine_alias_output_names(*exprs),
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def min_horizontal(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            series = align_series_full_broadcast(
+                df, *(s for _expr in exprs for s in _expr(df))
+            )
+
+            return [dd.concat(series, axis=1).min(axis=1)]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            call=func,
+            depth=max(x._depth for x in exprs) + 1,
+            function_name="min_horizontal",
+            evaluate_output_names=combine_evaluate_output_names(*exprs),
+            alias_output_names=combine_alias_output_names(*exprs),
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def max_horizontal(self, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            series = align_series_full_broadcast(
+                df, *(s for _expr in exprs for s in _expr(df))
+            )
+
+            return [dd.concat(series, axis=1).max(axis=1)]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            call=func,
+            depth=max(x._depth for x in exprs) + 1,
+            function_name="max_horizontal",
+            evaluate_output_names=combine_evaluate_output_names(*exprs),
+            alias_output_names=combine_alias_output_names(*exprs),
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+    def when(self, predicate: DaskExpr) -> DaskWhen:
+        return DaskWhen.from_expr(predicate, context=self)
+
+    def concat_str(
+        self, *exprs: DaskExpr, separator: str, ignore_nulls: bool
+    ) -> DaskExpr:
+        def func(df: DaskLazyFrame) -> list[dx.Series]:
+            expr_results = [s for _expr in exprs for s in _expr(df)]
+            series = (
+                s.astype(str) for s in align_series_full_broadcast(df, *expr_results)
+            )
+            null_mask = [s.isna() for s in align_series_full_broadcast(df, *expr_results)]
+
+            if not ignore_nulls:
+                null_mask_result = reduce(operator.or_, null_mask)
+                result = reduce(lambda x, y: x + separator + y, series).where(
+                    ~null_mask_result, None
+                )
+            else:
+                init_value, *values = [
+                    s.where(~nm, "") for s, nm in zip(series, null_mask)
+                ]
+
+                separators = (
+                    nm.map({True: "", False: separator}, meta=str)
+                    for nm in null_mask[:-1]
+                )
+                result = reduce(
+                    operator.add, (s + v for s, v in zip(separators, values)), init_value
+                )
+
+            return [result]
+
+        return self._expr(
+            call=func,
+            depth=max(x._depth for x in exprs) + 1,
+            function_name="concat_str",
+            evaluate_output_names=getattr(
+                exprs[0], "_evaluate_output_names", lambda _df: ["literal"]
+            ),
+            alias_output_names=getattr(exprs[0], "_alias_output_names", None),
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
+
+
+class DaskWhen(CompliantWhen[DaskLazyFrame, "dx.Series", DaskExpr]):
+    @property
+    def _then(self) -> type[DaskThen]:
+        return DaskThen
+
+    def __call__(self, df: DaskLazyFrame) -> Sequence[dx.Series]:
+        then_value = (
+            self._then_value(df)[0]
+            if isinstance(self._then_value, DaskExpr)
+            else self._then_value
+        )
+        otherwise_value = (
+            self._otherwise_value(df)[0]
+            if isinstance(self._otherwise_value, DaskExpr)
+            else self._otherwise_value
+        )
+
+        condition = self._condition(df)[0]
+        # re-evaluate DataFrame if the condition aggregates to force
+        #   then/otherwise to be evaluated against the aggregated frame
+        assert self._condition._metadata is not None  # noqa: S101
+        if self._condition._metadata.is_scalar_like:
+            new_df = df._with_native(condition.to_frame())
+            condition = self._condition.broadcast(ExprKind.AGGREGATION)(df)[0]
+            df = new_df
+
+        if self._otherwise_value is None:
+            (condition, then_series) = align_series_full_broadcast(
+                df, condition, then_value
+            )
+            validate_comparand(condition, then_series)
+            return [then_series.where(condition)]  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+        (condition, then_series, otherwise_series) = align_series_full_broadcast(
+            df, condition, then_value, otherwise_value
+        )
+        validate_comparand(condition, then_series)
+        validate_comparand(condition, otherwise_series)
+        return [then_series.where(condition, otherwise_series)]  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+
+
+class DaskThen(CompliantThen[DaskLazyFrame, "dx.Series", DaskExpr], DaskExpr): ...
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/selectors.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/selectors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..218b1e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/selectors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from narwhals._compliant import CompliantSelector, LazySelectorNamespace
+from narwhals._dask.expr import DaskExpr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import dask.dataframe.dask_expr as dx  # noqa: F401
+
+    from narwhals._dask.dataframe import DaskLazyFrame  # noqa: F401
+
+
+class DaskSelectorNamespace(LazySelectorNamespace["DaskLazyFrame", "dx.Series"]):
+    @property
+    def _selector(self) -> type[DaskSelector]:
+        return DaskSelector
+
+
+class DaskSelector(CompliantSelector["DaskLazyFrame", "dx.Series"], DaskExpr):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    def _to_expr(self) -> DaskExpr:
+        return DaskExpr(
+            self._call,
+            depth=self._depth,
+            function_name=self._function_name,
+            evaluate_output_names=self._evaluate_output_names,
+            alias_output_names=self._alias_output_names,
+            backend_version=self._backend_version,
+            version=self._version,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/utils.py b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa2a2b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/narwhals/_dask/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Sequence
+
+from narwhals._pandas_like.utils import select_columns_by_name
+from narwhals._utils import (
+    Implementation,
+    Version,
+    isinstance_or_issubclass,
+    parse_version,
+)
+from narwhals.dependencies import get_pandas, get_pyarrow
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import dask.dataframe as dd
+    import dask.dataframe.dask_expr as dx
+
+    from narwhals._dask.dataframe import DaskLazyFrame
+    from narwhals._dask.expr import DaskExpr
+    from narwhals.typing import IntoDType
+else:
+    try:
+        import dask.dataframe.dask_expr as dx
+    except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+        import dask_expr as dx
+
+
+def maybe_evaluate_expr(df: DaskLazyFrame, obj: DaskExpr | object) -> dx.Series | object:
+    from narwhals._dask.expr import DaskExpr
+
+    if isinstance(obj, DaskExpr):
+        results = obj._call(df)
+        assert len(results) == 1  # debug assertion  # noqa: S101
+        return results[0]
+    return obj
+
+
+def evaluate_exprs(df: DaskLazyFrame, /, *exprs: DaskExpr) -> list[tuple[str, dx.Series]]:
+    native_results: list[tuple[str, dx.Series]] = []
+    for expr in exprs:
+        native_series_list = expr(df)
+        aliases = expr._evaluate_aliases(df)
+        if len(aliases) != len(native_series_list):  # pragma: no cover
+            msg = f"Internal error: got aliases {aliases}, but only got {len(native_series_list)} results"
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+        native_results.extend(zip(aliases, native_series_list))
+    return native_results
+
+
+def align_series_full_broadcast(
+    df: DaskLazyFrame, *series: dx.Series | object
+) -> Sequence[dx.Series]:
+    return [
+        s if isinstance(s, dx.Series) else df._native_frame.assign(_tmp=s)["_tmp"]
+        for s in series
+    ]  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+def add_row_index(
+    frame: dd.DataFrame,
+    name: str,
+    backend_version: tuple[int, ...],
+    implementation: Implementation,
+) -> dd.DataFrame:
+    original_cols = frame.columns
+    frame = frame.assign(**{name: 1})
+    return select_columns_by_name(
+        frame.assign(**{name: frame[name].cumsum(method="blelloch") - 1}),
+        [name, *original_cols],
+        backend_version,
+        implementation,
+    )
+
+
+def validate_comparand(lhs: dx.Series, rhs: dx.Series) -> None:
+    if not dx.expr.are_co_aligned(lhs._expr, rhs._expr):  # pragma: no cover
+        # are_co_aligned is a method which cheaply checks if two Dask expressions
+        # have the same index, and therefore don't require index alignment.
+        # If someone only operates on a Dask DataFrame via expressions, then this
+        # should always be the case: expression outputs (by definition) all come from the
+        # same input dataframe, and Dask Series does not have any operations which
+        # change the index. Nonetheless, we perform this safety check anyway.
+
+        # However, we still need to carefully vet which methods we support for Dask, to
+        # avoid issues where `are_co_aligned` doesn't do what we want it to do:
+        # https://github.com/dask/dask-expr/issues/1112.
+        msg = "Objects are not co-aligned, so this operation is not supported for Dask backend"
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+
+def narwhals_to_native_dtype(dtype: IntoDType, version: Version) -> Any:  # noqa: C901, PLR0912
+    dtypes = version.dtypes
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Float64):
+        return "float64"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Float32):
+        return "float32"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Int64):
+        return "int64"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Int32):
+        return "int32"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Int16):
+        return "int16"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Int8):
+        return "int8"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.UInt64):
+        return "uint64"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.UInt32):
+        return "uint32"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.UInt16):
+        return "uint16"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.UInt8):
+        return "uint8"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.String):
+        if (pd := get_pandas()) is not None and parse_version(pd) >= (2, 0, 0):
+            if get_pyarrow() is not None:
+                return "string[pyarrow]"
+            return "string[python]"  # pragma: no cover
+        return "object"  # pragma: no cover
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Boolean):
+        return "bool"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Enum):
+        if version is Version.V1:
+            msg = "Converting to Enum is not supported in narwhals.stable.v1"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+        if isinstance(dtype, dtypes.Enum):
+            import pandas as pd
+
+            # NOTE: `pandas-stubs.core.dtypes.dtypes.CategoricalDtype.categories` is too narrow
+            # Should be one of the `ListLike*` types
+            # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas-stubs/blob/8434bde95460b996323cc8c0fea7b0a8bb00ea26/pandas-stubs/_typing.pyi#L497-L505
+            return pd.CategoricalDtype(dtype.categories, ordered=True)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+        msg = "Can not cast / initialize Enum without categories present"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Categorical):
+        return "category"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Datetime):
+        return "datetime64[us]"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Date):
+        return "date32[day][pyarrow]"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Duration):
+        return "timedelta64[ns]"
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.List):  # pragma: no cover
+        msg = "Converting to List dtype is not supported yet"
+        return NotImplementedError(msg)
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Struct):  # pragma: no cover
+        msg = "Converting to Struct dtype is not supported yet"
+        return NotImplementedError(msg)
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Array):  # pragma: no cover
+        msg = "Converting to Array dtype is not supported yet"
+        return NotImplementedError(msg)
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Time):  # pragma: no cover
+        msg = "Converting to Time dtype is not supported yet"
+        return NotImplementedError(msg)
+    if isinstance_or_issubclass(dtype, dtypes.Binary):  # pragma: no cover
+        msg = "Converting to Binary dtype is not supported yet"
+        return NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    msg = f"Unknown dtype: {dtype}"  # pragma: no cover
+    raise AssertionError(msg)